Purification of Mlc and analysis of its effects on the pts expression in Escherichia coli.

Products of the pts operon of Escherichia coli have multiple physiological roles such as sugar transport, and the operon is controlled by two promoters, P0 and P1. Expression of the pts P0 promoter that is increased during growth in the presence of glucose is also activated by cAMP receptor protein.cAMP. Based on the existence of a sequence that has a high similarity with the known Mlc binding site in the promoter, the effects of the Mlc protein on the pts P0 promoter expression were studied. In vivo transcription assays using wild type and mlc-negative E. coli strains grown in the presence and absence of glucose indicate that Mlc negatively regulates expression of the P0 promoter, and Mlc-dependent repression is relieved by glucose in the growth medium. In vitro transcription assay using purified recombinant Mlc showed that Mlc repressed transcription from the P0 but did not affect the activity of the P1. DNase I footprinting experiments revealed that a Mlc binding site was located around +1 to +25 of the promoter and that Mlc inhibited the binding of RNA polymerase to the P0 promoter. Cells overexpressing Mlc showed a very slow fermentation rate compared with the wild type when grown in the presence of various phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase system sugars but few differences in the presence of non-phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase system sugars except maltose. These results suggest that the pts operon is one of major targets for the negative regulation by Mlc, and thus Mlc regulates the utilization of various sugars as well as glucose in E. coli. The possibility that the inducer of Mlc may not be sugar or its derivative but an unknown factor is proposed to explain the Mlc induction mechanism by various sugars.