Capelli C
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999 Sep;80(4):298-307. doi: 10.1007/s004210050596.
In human locomotion, the metabolic power required (E) to cover a given distance d, in the time t is set by the product of the energy cost of the locomotion (C), i.e. the amount of metabolic energy spent to move over one unit of distance, and the speed (v = d t(-1)): E = Cv = Cdt(-1). Since, for any given d, v is a decreasing function of t and C is either constant or increases with v, it necessarily follows that E is larger the smaller the value of t. Thus, for any given distance and subject, the shortest time will be achieved when E is equal to the individual maximal metabolic power (Emax). In turn, Emax is a decreasing function of t: it depends upon the subject's maximal aerobic power (MAP) and on the maximal amount of energy derived from the full utilisation of anaerobic energy stores (AnS). So, if the relationship between C and (v) in the locomotion at stake and the subject's MAP and AnS are known, his best performance time (BPT) over any given distance can be obtained by solving the equality Emax(t) = E(t). This approach has been applied to estimate individual BPTs in running and cycling. In this paper, the above approach will be used to quantify the role of C, MAP, and AnS in determining BPTs for running, track cycling and swimming. This has been achieved by calculating the changes in BPT obtained when each variable, or a combination thereof, is changed by a given percentage. The results show that in all the three types of locomotion, regardless of the speed, the changes in BPT brought about by changes of C alone account for 45-55% of the changes obtained when all three variables (C, MAP and AnS) are changed by the same amount.
在人类运动中，在时间t内覆盖给定距离d所需的代谢功率（E）由运动的能量消耗（C），即移动一个单位距离所消耗的代谢能量量，与速度（v = d/t）的乘积确定：E = Cv = Cd/t。由于对于任何给定的d，v是t的递减函数，并且C要么是常数，要么随v增加，所以必然得出t值越小，E越大。因此，对于任何给定的距离和个体，当E等于个体最大代谢功率（Emax）时，将实现最短时间。反过来，Emax是t的递减函数：它取决于个体的最大有氧功率（MAP）以及无氧能量储备（AnS）充分利用所获得的最大能量量。所以，如果已知所涉及运动中C与（v）之间的关系以及个体的MAP和AnS，那么通过求解等式Emax(t) = E(t)，可以获得个体在任何给定距离上的最佳表现时间（BPT）。这种方法已被应用于估计跑步和骑自行车中的个体BPT。在本文中，上述方法将用于量化C、MAP和AnS在确定跑步、场地自行车和游泳的BPT中的作用。这是通过计算当每个变量或其组合以给定百分比变化时所获得的BPT变化来实现的。结果表明，在所有三种运动类型中，无论速度如何，仅C的变化所引起的BPT变化占所有三个变量（C、MAP和AnS）以相同量变化时所获得变化的45 - 55%。
