Polito VS, Pinney K
Int J Plant Sci. 1999 Sep;160(5):827-835. doi: 10.1086/314186.
Two sites exist for endocarp dehiscence (shell split) in the pistachio nut (Pistacia vera L., Anacardiaceae). Longitudinal dehiscence occurs along lines of cells that have highly lignified, interlocking walls and are differentiated from cells of the neighboring endocarp only by being somewhat smaller and slightly elongate in the radial plane. Apical dehiscence occurs at the site where transmitting tissue penetrates the ovary wall to enter the ovarian locule. In most fruits, cells delineating the line of apical dehiscence possess thin, primary walls that stain only diffusely for pectic materials. In rare cases, possibly when apical dehiscence fails, these cells become lignified. Measurements of seeds and inner dimensions of endocarps of mature fruits show that dehiscent endocarps differ from indehiscent endocarps by having more massive seeds and seeds that are larger relative to the size of the endocarp. These results and observations indicate to us that two dehiscence events occur: longitudinal shell split, which is driven by physical forces exerted on the endocarp by the seed, and apical dehiscence, which occurs at the site of intrusion of the transmitting tissue tract into the ovary and varies according to the extent of transmitting tissue present at anthesis as well as the degree of cytodifferentiation that may occur in these cells.
阿月浑子坚果（黄连木属阿月浑子，漆树科）内果皮开裂（果壳裂开）存在两个部位。纵向开裂沿着具有高度木质化、相互嵌合细胞壁的细胞线发生，这些细胞与相邻内果皮细胞的区别仅在于它们在径向平面上稍小且略呈细长形。顶端开裂发生在传递组织穿透子房壁进入子房室的部位。在大多数果实中，界定顶端开裂线的细胞具有薄的初生壁，仅对果胶物质有弥散性染色。在极少数情况下，可能是顶端开裂失败时，这些细胞会木质化。对成熟果实种子和内果皮内部尺寸的测量表明，开裂的内果皮与不开裂的内果皮不同，其种子更厚实，且相对于内果皮大小而言种子更大。这些结果和观察向我们表明发生了两次开裂事件：纵向果壳裂开，这是由种子对内果皮施加的物理力驱动的；顶端开裂，发生在传递组织束侵入子房的部位，并根据花期存在的传递组织程度以及这些细胞可能发生的细胞分化程度而有所不同。
