Wilson D S
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jan;72(1):143-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.1.143.
In organisms possessing a dispersal phase the processes of mating, competition, feeding, and predation are often carried out within "trait-groups," defined as populations enclosed in areas smaller than the boundaries of the deme. A simple model shows that this can lead to the selection of "altruistic" traits that favor the fitness of the group over that of the individual. The extent of group selection that occurs depends mainly on the variation in the composition of genotypes between trait-groups. The traditional concepts of group and individual selection are seen as two extremes of a continuum, with systems in nature operating over the interval in between.
在具有扩散阶段的生物体中，交配、竞争、觅食和捕食过程通常在“性状组”内进行，性状组被定义为其所在区域小于同类群边界的种群。一个简单的模型表明，这可能导致对“利他”性状的选择，这些性状有利于群体而非个体的适应性。发生的群体选择程度主要取决于性状组之间基因型组成的差异。群体选择和个体选择的传统概念被视为一个连续体的两个极端，自然界中的系统在两者之间的区间内运行。
