O'Rourke M K, Van de Water P K, Jin S, Rogan S P, Weiss A D, Gordon S M, Moschandreas D M, Lebowitz M D
Environmental and Occupational Health, Arizona Prevention Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0468, USA.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1999 Sep-Oct;9(5):435-45. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500049.
NHEXAS AZ is a multimedia, multipathway exposure assessment survey designed to evaluate metals and other analytes. This paper reports the analyte-specific concentration distributions in each of the media examined (air, soil, house dust, food, beverage, and water), for various methodologies used (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and hydride generation-atomic absorption spectroscopy). Results are reported for the five primary metals (Pb, As, Cd, Cr, and Ni). Ingestion was the most important pathway of exposure. Metal concentrations in air were very low (ng/m3) and found only above the 90th percentile. Metals were commonly found in house dust and soil. Exposure transfer coefficients minimize the importance of this component for those over the age of 6 years. When ranked by exposure, food, beverage, and water appeared to be the primary contributors of metal exposure in NHEXAS AZ. For instance, at the 90th percentile, Pb was undetected in air, found at 131 and 118 microg/m3 in floor dust and soil, respectively, and measured at 16 microg/kg in food, 7.1 microg/kg in beverage, and 2.0 and 1.3 microg/l in drinking and tap water, respectively. We calculated preliminary estimates of total exposure (microg/day) for each participant and examined them independently by age, gender, and ethnicity as reported by the subjects in the NHEXAS questionnaire. At the 90th percentile for Pb, total exposures were 64 microg/day across all subjects (n=176); adult men (n=55) had the greatest exposure (73 microg/day) and children (n=35) the least (37 microg/day). Hispanics (n=54) had greater exposure to Pb (68 microg/day) than non-Hispanics (n=119; 50 microg/day), whereas non-Hispanics had greater exposure for all other metals reported. These results have implications related to environmental justice. The NHEXAS project provides information to make informed decisions for protecting and promoting appropriate public health policy.
“亚利桑那州环境健康暴露评估调查”（NHEXAS AZ）是一项多媒体、多途径的暴露评估调查，旨在评估金属及其他分析物。本文报告了在所检测的每种介质（空气、土壤、室内灰尘、食物、饮料和水）中，针对各种使用的方法（电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法和氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法）所得到的特定分析物浓度分布情况。报告了五种主要金属（铅、砷、镉、铬和镍）的结果。摄入是最重要的暴露途径。空气中的金属浓度非常低（纳克/立方米），仅在第90百分位数以上被发现。金属常见于室内灰尘和土壤中。暴露转移系数降低了6岁以上人群中该成分的重要性。按暴露程度排序时，食物、饮料和水似乎是NHEXAS AZ中金属暴露的主要来源。例如，在第90百分位数时，空气中未检测到铅，地板灰尘和土壤中的铅含量分别为131和118微克/立方米，食物中的铅含量为每千克16微克，饮料中的铅含量为每千克7.1微克，饮用水和自来水中的铅含量分别为每升2.0和1.3微克。我们计算了每个参与者的总暴露（微克/天）初步估计值，并根据NHEXAS问卷中受试者报告的年龄、性别和种族进行了独立分析。在铅的第90百分位数时，所有受试者（n = 176）的总暴露量为每天64微克；成年男性（n = 55）的暴露量最大（每天73微克），儿童（n = 35）的暴露量最小（每天37微克）。西班牙裔（n = 54）对铅的暴露量（每天68微克）高于非西班牙裔（n = 119；每天50微克），而对于所报告的所有其他金属，非西班牙裔的暴露量更高。这些结果与环境正义相关。NHEXAS项目提供信息，以便为保护和促进适当的公共卫生政策做出明智决策。
