Fleisig G S, Barrentine S W, Zheng N, Escamilla R F, Andrews J R
American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
J Biomech. 1999 Dec;32(12):1371-5. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00127-x.
Proper biomechanics help baseball pitchers minimize their risk of injury and maximize performance. However previous studies involved adult pitchers only. In this study, 23 youth, 33 high school, 115 college, and 60 professional baseball pitchers were analyzed. Sixteen kinematic (11 position and five velocity), eight kinetic, and six temporal parameters were calculated and compared among the four levels of competition. Only one of the 11 kinematic position parameters showed significant differences among the four levels, while all five velocity parameters showed significant differences. All eight kinetic parameters increased significantly with competition level. None of the six temporal parameters showed significant differences. Since 16 of the 17 position and temporal parameters showed no significant differences, this study supports the philosophy that a child should be taught 'proper' pitching mechanics for use throughout a career. Kinetic differences observed suggest greater injury risk at higher competition levels. Since adult pitchers did not demonstrate different position or temporal patterns than younger pitchers, increases in joint forces and torques were most likely due to increased strength and muscle mass in the higher level athlete. The greater shoulder and elbow angular velocities produced by high-level pitchers were most likely due to the greater torques they generated during the arm cocking and acceleration phases. The combination of more arm angular velocity and a longer arm resulted in greater linear ball velocity for the higher level pitcher. Thus, it appears that the natural progression for successful pitching is to learn proper mechanics as early as possible, and build strength as the body matures.
正确的生物力学有助于棒球投手将受伤风险降至最低，并将表现最大化。然而，以往的研究仅涉及成年投手。在本研究中，分析了23名青少年、33名高中生、115名大学生和60名职业棒球投手。计算并比较了四个竞争水平之间的16个运动学参数（11个位置参数和5个速度参数）、8个动力学参数和6个时间参数。11个运动学位置参数中只有1个在四个水平之间存在显著差异，而所有5个速度参数均存在显著差异。所有8个动力学参数均随着竞争水平的提高而显著增加。6个时间参数均未显示出显著差异。由于17个位置和时间参数中的16个没有显著差异，本研究支持这样一种理念，即应该教导儿童在整个职业生涯中使用“正确的”投球力学。观察到的动力学差异表明，在更高的竞争水平下受伤风险更大。由于成年投手与年轻投手相比没有表现出不同的位置或时间模式，关节力和扭矩的增加很可能是由于高水平运动员力量和肌肉质量的增加。高水平投手产生的更大的肩部和肘部角速度很可能是由于他们在手臂后摆和加速阶段产生了更大的扭矩。更高水平投手的手臂角速度更高且手臂更长，这两者的结合导致了更高的线性球速。因此，成功投球的自然发展过程似乎是尽早学习正确的力学，并随着身体的成熟增强力量。
