Holm A K
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1975 Sep;3(5):228-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1975.tb00314.x.
This paper presents data concerning caries, gingivitis, interdental spacing, occlusion and oral habits obtained in a longitudinal investigation of 177 children at the ages of 3, 4 and 5 years. It was found that between 3 and 5 years of age, deft increased from 2.01 to 4.05 and defs from 2.69 to 5.98. The occlusal surfaces of the primary second molars and the occlusal and distal surfaces of the primary first molars were the ones most often affected. The mean Gingival Index decreased from 3 to 5 years (P less than 0.05) and also the number of children with a score of 2 from 4 to 5 years (P less than 0.05). The sagittal and transversal relationship between the jaws remained unchanged in most of the children, while the vertical relationship varied with changes in sucking habits. Dummy sucking was initially more than three times as common as finger sucking, but decreased markedly with increasing age. The children with the habit of finger sucking tended to keep this habit. Nocturnal grinding of the teeth was reported by the parents of 13 % of the children. Dental treatment was needed by 61 % at the age of 3, by 71 % at the age of 4 and by 68 % at the age of 5, as they had caries and/or gingivitis with a gingival score of 2. Futhermor, there was a need for orthodontic supervision including treatment. Caries prophylactic treatment was necessary in all age groups.
本文呈现了在一项针对177名3岁、4岁和5岁儿童的纵向调查中所获得的关于龋齿、牙龈炎、牙间隙、咬合及口腔习惯的数据。研究发现，在3至5岁期间，乳牙龋失补牙数（deft）从2.01增至4.05，乳牙龋失补牙面数（defs）从2.69增至5.98。乳第二磨牙的咬合面以及乳第一磨牙的咬合面和远中面是最常受影响的部位。平均牙龈指数从3岁至5岁有所下降（P小于0.05），且牙龈评分为2分的儿童数量从4岁至5岁也有所减少（P小于0.05）。大多数儿童颌骨的矢状和横向关系保持不变，而垂直关系则随吮吸习惯的改变而变化。最初，使用安抚奶嘴的情况比吮指行为普遍三倍多，但随着年龄增长显著减少。有吮指习惯的儿童倾向于保持该习惯。13%儿童的家长报告孩子有夜磨牙现象。3岁时61%的儿童、4岁时71%的儿童以及5岁时68%的儿童因患有龋齿和/或牙龈评分为2分的牙龈炎而需要进行牙科治疗。此外，还需要包括治疗在内的正畸监督。所有年龄组都有必要进行龋齿预防治疗。
