Hau T
Klinik für Allgemein-, Thorax- und Gefässchirurgie, Nordwest-Krankenhaus Sanderbusch, Sande.
Zentralbl Chir. 1999;124 Suppl 3:9-11.
There are few if any hierarchical structures in American surgery. The surgical department consists of general surgery and a variable number of subspecialties. It usually has a small number of main teaching hospitals, frequently in addition to the University Hospital, a County Hospital and a Veterans Administration Hospital. The faculty consists of all physicians who have finished their specialty training and hold a teaching appointment at the university. The members of the faculty are free and independent in their clinical teaching and research activities. Each teaching hospital has chief of surgery and each academic division (i.e. general surgery, cardiovascular surgery, oncologic surgery) is also headed by a chief of this section. The chairman of the department represents the department externally and internally, is responsible for the organization and the finances of the department, the education and training of students and residents as well as quality control relating to clinical activities, research and teaching.
在美国外科领域，几乎不存在等级结构。外科科室由普通外科和数量不等的亚专业组成。通常有少数几家主要的教学医院，除了大学医院外，常常还有县医院和退伍军人管理局医院。教员包括所有完成专科培训并在大学担任教学职务的医生。教员在临床教学和研究活动中享有自由和独立性。每家教学医院都有外科主任，每个学术部门（如普通外科、心血管外科、肿瘤外科）也由该部门的主任领导。系主任在对外和对内代表该系，负责系里的组织和财务、学生和住院医生的教育与培训以及与临床活动、研究和教学相关的质量控制。
