Gruwez J A
Zentralbl Chir. 1999;124 Suppl 3:6-8.
The current form of organization and structure dates from the beginning of the 20th century, but now developments show a trend toward teamwork, where work, power, and authority are evenly distributed among several persons and carried out correspondingly. According to a survey of 11 out of 16 countries in Europe, large surgical institutions are organized according to the hierarchic principle. In Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands both types of organization exist, and only in Luxembourg, Ireland, and Great Britain does the cooperative system exist. The latter is also preferred in smaller and medium-sized hospitals, and in private institutions as well. This system appears to better correspond to the requirements of economics and specialization.
目前的组织形式和结构可追溯到20世纪初，但现在的发展呈现出团队合作的趋势，工作、权力和权威在几个人之间平均分配并相应地开展。根据对欧洲16个国家中11个国家的调查，大型外科机构是按照等级原则组织的。在奥地利、比利时和荷兰，两种组织形式都存在，只有在卢森堡、爱尔兰和英国存在合作体系。后者在中小型医院以及私立机构中也更受青睐。这种体系似乎更符合经济和专业化的要求。
