Whitwell K E
J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1975 Oct(23):599-603.
A brief description is given of the morphology of the umbilical cord and some variations encountered. In 95% of normal Thoroughbred foals the cord measures less than 84 cm. Factors which govern cord length are not known. Seven pathological conditions involving the umbilical cord are described. Increased length is the most common abnormality and predisposes to three potentially lethal conditions, strangulation of the cord around the fetus, excessive torsion, and allantochorionic necrosis at the cervical pole.
对脐带的形态及一些常见变异进行了简要描述。在95%的正常纯种马驹中，脐带长度小于84厘米。影响脐带长度的因素尚不清楚。文中描述了七种涉及脐带的病理状况。脐带长度增加是最常见的异常情况，可引发三种潜在致命状况，即胎儿周围脐带绞窄、过度扭转以及子宫颈极处尿囊绒毛膜坏死。
