Hirsch S, Bähr M
Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;468:199-205. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4685-6_16.
In the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals axonal regeneration is limited by two main factors: first, the low intrinsic regenerative potential of adult CNS neurons and second, inhibitory influences of the glial and extracellular environment. Myelin-associated inhibitors of neurite growth as well as some properties of so called "reactive astrocytes" contribute to the non-permissive of CNS tissue for axonal growth. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) environment is supportive of regeneration because Schwann cells provide suitable substrates for regrowing axons. Purified PNS myelin, however, inhibits growth of PNS and CNS axons to a similar extent as does CNS myelin. The molecular basis of glial substrate properties has been studied intensively in the recent years and a large number of molecules have been recognized which might play a role in the regulation of axonal growth. Although the exact mechanisms are still not fully understood, accumulating data shed light on the complex interactions between neurons and glia that are required to establish, maintain, and regenerate axonal connections in the nervous system. In the following chapter we review the role of glial cells in the CNS and PNS during processes of de- and regeneration with respect to our own work.
在哺乳动物的中枢神经系统（CNS）中，轴突再生受到两个主要因素的限制：其一，成年中枢神经系统神经元固有的低再生潜力；其二，神经胶质和细胞外环境的抑制性影响。神经突生长的髓磷脂相关抑制剂以及所谓“反应性星形胶质细胞”的某些特性，导致中枢神经系统组织对轴突生长不具有容许性。相比之下，周围神经系统（PNS）环境则支持再生，因为施万细胞为再生轴突提供了合适的底物。然而，纯化的周围神经系统髓磷脂对周围神经系统和中枢神经系统轴突生长的抑制程度与中枢神经系统髓磷脂相似。近年来，人们对神经胶质底物特性的分子基础进行了深入研究，已经识别出大量可能在轴突生长调节中发挥作用的分子。尽管确切机制仍未完全了解，但越来越多的数据揭示了神经元与神经胶质之间复杂的相互作用，这些相互作用是在神经系统中建立、维持和再生轴突连接所必需的。在接下来的章节中，我们将结合我们自己的研究工作，综述神经胶质细胞在中枢神经系统和周围神经系统的去神经支配和再生过程中的作用。
