Borbély A A, Achermann P
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
J Biol Rhythms. 1999 Dec;14(6):557-68. doi: 10.1177/074873099129000894.
According to the two-process model of sleep regulation, the timing and structure of sleep are determined by the interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process. The original qualitative model was elaborated to quantitative versions that included the ultradian dynamics of sleep in relation to the non-REM-REM sleep cycle. The time course of EEG slow-wave activity, the major marker of non-REM sleep homeostasis, as well as daytime alertness were simulated successfully for a considerable number of experimental protocols. They include sleep after partial sleep deprivation and daytime napping, sleep in habitual short and long sleepers, and alertness in a forced desynchrony protocol or during an extended photoperiod. Simulations revealed that internal desynchronization can be obtained for different shapes of the thresholds. New developments include the analysis of the waking EEG to delineate homeostatic and circadian processes, studies of REM sleep homeostasis, and recent evidence for local, use-dependent sleep processes. Moreover, nonlinear interactions between homeostatic and circadian processes were identified. In the past two decades, models have contributed considerably to conceptualizing and analyzing the major processes underlying sleep regulation, and they are likely to play an important role in future advances in the field.
根据睡眠调节的双过程模型，睡眠的时间安排和结构由稳态过程和昼夜节律过程的相互作用决定。最初的定性模型已发展为定量版本，其中包括与非快速眼动睡眠-快速眼动睡眠周期相关的睡眠超日动态。脑电图慢波活动的时间进程，即非快速眼动睡眠稳态的主要标志，以及白天的警觉性，在相当多的实验方案中都得到了成功模拟。这些方案包括部分睡眠剥夺后的睡眠和白天小睡、习惯性短睡眠者和长睡眠者的睡眠，以及强制去同步方案或延长光照周期期间的警觉性。模拟结果表明，对于不同形状的阈值，可以实现内部去同步。新的进展包括对清醒脑电图的分析以区分稳态过程和昼夜节律过程、快速眼动睡眠稳态的研究，以及最近关于局部、使用依赖的睡眠过程的证据。此外，还确定了稳态过程和昼夜节律过程之间的非线性相互作用。在过去二十年中，模型在概念化和分析睡眠调节的主要过程方面做出了很大贡献，并且它们可能在该领域未来的进展中发挥重要作用。
