Lieberman D E, Pearson O M, Mowbray K M
Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2110 G St, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
J Hum Evol. 2000 Feb;38(2):291-315. doi: 10.1006/jhev.1999.0335.
This study examines the extent to which the major dimensions of the cranial base (maximum length, maximum breadth, and flexion) interact with brain volume to influence major proportions of the neurocranium and face. A model is presented for developmental interactions that occur during ontogeny between the brain and the cranial base and neurocranium, and between the neurobasicranial complex (NBC) and the face. The model is tested using exocranial and radiographic measurements of adult crania sampled from five geographically and craniometrically diverse populations. The results indicate that while variations in the breadth, length and flexion of the cranial base are mutually independent, only the maximum breadth of the cranial base (POB) has significant effects on overall cranial proportions, largely through its interactions with brain volume which influence NBC breadth. These interactions also have a slight influence on facial shape because NBC width constrains facial width, and because narrow-faced individuals tend to have antero-posteriorly longer faces relative to facial breadth than wide-faced individuals. Finally, the model highlights how integration between the cranial base and the brain may help to account for the developmental basis of some morphological variations such as occipital bunning. Among modern humans, the degree of posterior projection of the occipital bone appears to be a consequence of having a large brain on a relatively narrow cranial base. Occipital buns in Neanderthals, who have wide cranial bases relative to endocranial volume, may not be entirely homologous with the morphology occasionally evident in Homo sapiens.
本研究考察了颅底的主要维度（最大长度、最大宽度和弯曲度）与脑容量相互作用，对神经颅和面部主要比例产生影响的程度。本文提出了一个模型，用于解释个体发育过程中大脑与颅底、神经颅之间，以及神经颅底复合体（NBC）与面部之间发生的发育相互作用。该模型通过对来自五个地理和颅骨测量学上不同人群的成年颅骨进行颅外和影像学测量来进行检验。结果表明，虽然颅底的宽度、长度和弯曲度变化相互独立，但只有颅底的最大宽度（POB）对整体颅骨比例有显著影响，这主要是通过其与脑容量的相互作用，进而影响NBC宽度。这些相互作用对面部形状也有轻微影响，因为NBC宽度限制了面部宽度，而且窄脸个体相对于面部宽度而言，其脸在前后方向上往往比宽脸个体更长。最后，该模型强调了颅底与大脑之间的整合如何有助于解释某些形态变异（如枕部隆起）的发育基础。在现代人类中，枕骨向后突出的程度似乎是在相对狭窄的颅底上拥有较大大脑的结果。尼安德特人的枕部隆起，相对于颅内体积而言其颅底较宽，可能与智人偶尔出现的这种形态并不完全同源。
