Szabo G
Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA.
Alcohol Alcohol. 1999 Nov-Dec;34(6):830-41. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/34.6.830.
This communication reviews recent literature and summarizes current views on the immunomodulatory effects of acute and chronic alcohol consumption. Chronic and even acute, moderate alcohol use can increase host susceptibility to infections caused by bacterial and viral pathogens. Impaired host defence after alcohol exposure appears to be linked to a combination of decreased inflammatory response, altered cytokine production, and abnormal reactive oxygen intermediate generation. Furthermore, cellular immunity, particularly antigen-specific immune response, is impaired by both acute and chronic alcohol use. Although T lymphocyte functions can be directly affected by ethanol, decreased antigen presenting cell function appears to be a key element in the ethanol-induced decrease in cell-mediated immunity. In addition, a preferential induction of Th2 vs Th1 immune response has been suggested, based on the increased immunoglobulin levels seen in chronic alcoholics. The effects of chronic and acute alcohol consumption in humans, animal models and in vitro systems on host defence and immunity are discussed in the context of the functional abnormalities of T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and monocytes/macrophages resulting in the altered immune response seen after alcohol use.
本通讯回顾了近期文献，并总结了当前关于急性和慢性饮酒免疫调节作用的观点。慢性乃至急性适度饮酒都会增加宿主对细菌和病毒病原体感染的易感性。饮酒后宿主防御功能受损似乎与炎症反应降低、细胞因子产生改变以及活性氧中间体生成异常等多种因素有关。此外，急性和慢性饮酒都会损害细胞免疫，尤其是抗原特异性免疫反应。虽然乙醇可直接影响T淋巴细胞功能，但抗原呈递细胞功能下降似乎是乙醇诱导细胞介导免疫降低的关键因素。此外，基于慢性酒精中毒患者免疫球蛋白水平升高，有人提出Th2免疫反应相对于Th1免疫反应有优先诱导作用。本文结合T和B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞以及单核细胞/巨噬细胞的功能异常，探讨了人类、动物模型和体外系统中急性和慢性饮酒对宿主防御和免疫的影响，这些功能异常导致饮酒后出现免疫反应改变。
