Lobitz B, Beck L, Huq A, Wood B, Fuchs G, Faruque A S, Colwell R
Johnson Controls World Services, Center for Health Applications of Aerospace Related Technologies, Aerospace Related Technologies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Feb 15;97(4):1438-43. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1438.
It has long been known that cholera outbreaks can be initiated when Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is present in drinking water in sufficient numbers to constitute an infective dose, if ingested by humans. Outbreaks associated with drinking or bathing in unpurified river or brackish water may directly or indirectly depend on such conditions as water temperature, nutrient concentration, and plankton production that may be favorable for growth and reproduction of the bacterium. Although these environmental parameters have routinely been measured by using water samples collected aboard research ships, the available data sets are sparse and infrequent. Furthermore, shipboard data acquisition is both expensive and time-consuming. Interpolation to regional scales can also be problematic. Although the bacterium, V. cholerae, cannot be sensed directly, remotely sensed data can be used to infer its presence. In the study reported here, satellite data were used to monitor the timing and spread of cholera. Public domain remote sensing data for the Bay of Bengal were compared directly with cholera case data collected in Bangladesh from 1992-1995. The remote sensing data included sea surface temperature and sea surface height. It was discovered that sea surface temperature shows an annual cycle similar to the cholera case data. Sea surface height may be an indicator of incursion of plankton-laden water inland, e.g., tidal rivers, because it was also found to be correlated with cholera outbreaks. The extensive studies accomplished during the past 25 years, confirming the hypothesis that V. cholerae is autochthonous to the aquatic environment and is a commensal of zooplankton, i.e., copepods, when combined with the findings of the satellite data analyses, provide strong evidence that cholera epidemics are climate-linked.
长期以来，人们一直知道，当霍乱弧菌（导致霍乱的细菌）在饮用水中大量存在，达到感染剂量并被人类摄入时，就会引发霍乱疫情。与在未净化的河水或微咸水中饮用或沐浴相关的疫情，可能直接或间接地取决于水温、营养浓度和浮游生物产量等有利于该细菌生长和繁殖的条件。尽管这些环境参数通常是通过使用研究船上采集的水样来测量的，但现有的数据集稀少且不频繁。此外，船上数据采集既昂贵又耗时。在区域尺度上进行插值也可能存在问题。虽然无法直接检测到霍乱弧菌，但遥感数据可用于推断其存在。在本文报道的研究中，利用卫星数据监测霍乱的发生时间和传播情况。将孟加拉湾的公共领域遥感数据与1992 - 1995年在孟加拉国收集的霍乱病例数据直接进行比较。遥感数据包括海面温度和海面高度。研究发现，海面温度呈现出与霍乱病例数据相似的年度周期。海面高度可能是富含浮游生物的水入侵内陆（如潮汐河）的一个指标，因为还发现它与霍乱疫情相关。过去25年完成的广泛研究证实了霍乱弧菌是水生环境原生的，并且是浮游动物（即桡足类）的共生菌这一假设，再结合卫星数据分析的结果，有力地证明了霍乱流行与气候有关。
