Treatment of Crohn's disease.

The treatment of Crohn's disease depends on disease location and disease activity. It can be divided into medical and surgical treatment. While surgery is reserved for complications such as abscesses or failure of pharmacological treatment (fistulae, perianal disease, or strictures) medical treatment aims at induction and maintenance of remission. In order to achieve these goals supportive and therapeutic strategies must be used. Supportive measures include substitution of vitamins, particularly fat-soluble vitamins, and minerals in deficiencies due to resection or disease involvement of the small bowel. All patients on long-term steroids should receive calcium and vitamin D in order to prevent osteoporosis. Therapeutic options include drug treatment (corticosteroids, antibiotics, salicylates, and immunosuppressives), nutrition (parenteral or enteral), and endoscopy (dilatation of strictures). Depending on disease location different pharmacologic preparations of salicylates or corticosteroids should be used, e.g., enemas for distal colitis. The most potent drugs for long-term control are immunosuppressive agents, particularly azathioprine. It is the most widely investigated immunosuppressive agent in Crohn's disease and should be the first line treatment for patients with steroid refractory, chronic steroid dependent, fistulating, and stenosing courses. In the future, more potent drugs and better risk stratification criteria should improve the treatment of Crohn's disease.