Machuca G, Rosales I, Lacalle J R, Machuca C, Bullón P
Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Spain.
J Periodontol. 2000 Jan;71(1):73-8. doi: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.1.73.
It has been shown that tobacco is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease; however, there have been few studies on young populations where problems of general health can be discounted. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of tobacco consumption on the periodontal condition of a young, healthy population.
The study population consisted of 304 young Caucasian males (average age 19.38 +/- 0.72 years) entering the Armed Forces. All the subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire on age, oral hygiene habits, previous dental examinations, and quantity and length of tobacco use. The periodontal examination consisted of the plaque index (PI); periodontal bleeding index (PBI); probing depth (PD); and clinical attachment level (CAL). One- and 2-way ANOVA was used to compare data recorded between smokers and non-smokers.
Forty-six percent of subjects reported that they brushed their teeth at least once a day, but only 13% visited a dentist at least once a year. Over half (53%) were habitual smokers, 43% smoking between 5 and 20 cigarettes per day; 39% of the smokers had been smoking for less than 5 years. Mean PI was 31.24 +/- 14.88 (27.19 +/- 15.93 for smokers and 35.78 +/- 12.17 for non-smokers), with significant differences between non-smokers and those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (26.85 +/- 16.11, P<0.0001). Mean PBI was 42.29 +/- 8.43 (non-smokers 44.67 +/- 6.53 and smokers 40.17 +/- 9.46). Significant differences were found between the PBI of the non-smokers and of those who smoked 5 to 20 cigarettes per day (39.90 +/- 9.64, P <0.0001). There were also differences in the PBI between those who brushed their teeth once (40.53 +/- 9.61) and twice (44.86 +/- 5.9) a day (P<0.0001). Mean PD was 1.62 +/- 0.43 mm (non-smokers 1.56 +/- 0.36 and smokers 1.68 +/- 0.49). Deeper probing depths were recorded among smokers than among non-smokers, with statistically significant differences (P<0.049); statistically significant differences were also found between those who attended (1.49 +/- 0.50) and those who did not attend (1.65 +/- 0.42) regular dental check-ups (P<0.031). Mean CAL 1.75 +/- 0.41 (non-smokers 1.64 +/- 0.32 and smokers 1.82 +/- 0.44).
It may be concluded that, even at such an early age, tobacco consumption affects the periodontal health. It is necessary to inform young smokers of the risk of tobacco use regarding periodontal health.
已有研究表明，烟草是牙周疾病的一个重要风险因素；然而，针对可排除一般健康问题的年轻人群的相关研究却很少。本研究的目的是探讨烟草消费对年轻健康人群牙周状况的影响。
研究对象为304名入伍的年轻白种男性（平均年龄19.38±0.72岁）。所有受试者均完成了一份关于年龄、口腔卫生习惯、既往牙科检查以及烟草使用量和时长的自填问卷。牙周检查包括菌斑指数（PI）、牙周出血指数（PBI）、探诊深度（PD）和临床附着水平（CAL）。采用单因素和双因素方差分析来比较吸烟者和非吸烟者记录的数据。
46%的受试者报告他们每天至少刷牙一次，但只有13%的人每年至少看一次牙医。超过半数（53%）为习惯性吸烟者，43%的人每天吸烟5至20支；39%的吸烟者吸烟时间不足5年。平均PI为31.24±14.88（吸烟者为27.19±15.93，非吸烟者为35.78±12.17），非吸烟者与每天吸5至20支烟的人之间存在显著差异（26.85±16.11，P<0.0001）。平均PBI为42.29±8.43（非吸烟者为44.67±6.53，吸烟者为40.17±9.46）。非吸烟者与每天吸5至20支烟的人的PBI之间存在显著差异（39.90±9.64，P<0.0001）。每天刷牙一次（40.53±9.61）和两次（44.86±5.9）的人之间的PBI也存在差异（P<0.0001）。平均PD为1.62±0.43毫米（非吸烟者为1.56±0.36，吸烟者为1.68±0.49）。吸烟者的探诊深度比非吸烟者更深，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.049）；定期进行牙科检查的人（1.49±0.50）和未进行定期牙科检查的人（1.65±0.42）之间也存在统计学显著差异（P<0.031）。平均CAL为1.75±0.41（非吸烟者为1.64±0.32，吸烟者为1.82±0.44）。
可以得出结论，即使在如此年轻的年龄，烟草消费也会影响牙周健康。有必要告知年轻吸烟者烟草使用对牙周健康的风险。
