沙特阿拉伯人群中的吸烟与牙周健康

Tobacco smoking and periodontal health in a Saudi Arabian population.

作者信息

Natto Suzan, Baljoon Mostafa, Bergström Jan

机构信息

Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

出版信息

J Periodontol. 2005 Nov;76(11):1919-26. doi: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11.1919.

DOI:10.1902/jop.2005.76.11.1919

PMID:16274311

Abstract

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to examine the association between tobacco smoking, in particular water pipe smoking, and periodontal health.

METHODS

A total of 262 citizens of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in the age range from 17 to 60 years volunteered to participate in the study. The clinical examinations were carried out at King Faisal Specialty Hospital and Research Center in Jeddah and included assessments of oral hygiene, gingival inflammation, and probing depth. Smoking behavior was registered through a questionnaire and confirmed by an interview. Participants were stratified into water pipe smokers (31%), cigarette smokers (19%), mixed smokers (20%), and non-smokers (30%).

RESULTS

The mean probing depth per person was 3.1 mm for water pipe smokers, 3.0 mm for cigarette smokers, 2.8 mm for mixed smokers, and 2.3 mm for non-smokers. The association between smoking and probing depth was statistically significant controlling for age (P <0.001). The association between lifetime smoking exposure and mean probing depth was statistically significant in water pipe as well as cigarette smokers controlling for age (P <0.001). Using multivariate analysis, besides smoking, the gingival and plaque indexes were associated with increased probing depth. The prevalence of periodontal disease defined as a minimum of 10 sites with a probing depth > or =5 mm was 19.5% in the total population, 30% in water pipe smokers, 24% in cigarette smokers, and 8% in non-smokers. The prevalence was significantly greater in water pipe and cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers (P <0.001). The relative risk for periodontal disease increased by 5.1- and 3.8-fold in water pipe and cigarette smokers, respectively, compared to non-smokers (P <0.001 and P <0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

An association was observed between water pipe smoking and periodontal disease manifestations in terms of probing depth measurements. The impact of water pipe smoking was of largely the same magnitude as that of cigarette smoking.

摘要

背景

本研究的目的是探讨吸烟，尤其是水烟吸食与牙周健康之间的关联。

方法

共有262名年龄在17至60岁之间的沙特阿拉伯吉达市民自愿参与本研究。临床检查在吉达的法赫德国王专科医院和研究中心进行，包括口腔卫生、牙龈炎症和探诊深度的评估。吸烟行为通过问卷进行记录，并通过访谈予以确认。参与者被分为水烟吸食者（31%）、香烟吸烟者（19%）、混合吸烟者（20%）和非吸烟者（30%）。

结果

水烟吸食者每人的平均探诊深度为3.1毫米，香烟吸烟者为3.0毫米，混合吸烟者为2.8毫米，非吸烟者为2.3毫米。在控制年龄的情况下，吸烟与探诊深度之间的关联具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。在控制年龄的情况下，水烟吸食者和香烟吸烟者的终生吸烟暴露量与平均探诊深度之间的关联具有统计学意义（P<0.001）。使用多变量分析，除吸烟外，牙龈和菌斑指数与探诊深度增加相关。定义为至少10个位点探诊深度≥5毫米的牙周病患病率在总人口中为19.5%，水烟吸食者中为30%，香烟吸烟者中为24%，非吸烟者中为8%。与非吸烟者相比，水烟和香烟吸烟者中的患病率显著更高（P<0.001）。与非吸烟者相比，水烟和香烟吸烟者患牙周病的相对风险分别增加了5.1倍和3.8倍（分别为P<0.001和P<0.05）。