Kenemans P
Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Epidemiol Biostat. 1999;4(3):141-6; discussion 146-53.
Menopause is defined as the final menstruation, directly preceding the permanent cessation of ovarian follicular function. The transition from the reproductive to the non-reproductive phase of life can take many years, frequently characterised by perimenopausal cycle disorders, vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) and urogenital complaints (vaginal dryness, micturition complaints). In addition to these typical climacteric symptoms other, more atypical symptoms can be present, such as tiredness, irritability and mood swings. Topical and systemic oral and transdermal HRTs are generally very effective as symptomatic treatment, but other non-hormonal options can also be considered.
绝经被定义为末次月经，紧接着是卵巢卵泡功能的永久性停止。从生殖期到非生殖期的过渡可能需要数年时间，其特征通常是围绝经期月经紊乱、血管舒缩症状（潮热和盗汗）以及泌尿生殖系统不适（阴道干燥、排尿不适）。除了这些典型的更年期症状外，还可能出现其他更不典型的症状，如疲劳、易怒和情绪波动。局部及全身口服和经皮激素替代疗法（HRT）通常作为对症治疗非常有效，但也可以考虑其他非激素治疗选择。
