Carnevale P, Guillet P, Robert V, Fontenille D, Doannio J, Coosemans M, Mouchet J
Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
Parassitologia. 1999 Sep;41(1-3):273-6.
It is well known that 'in many instances the rice agrosystem perfectly fits the ecological requirements of pathogens or vectors' and in fact 'malaria, schistosomiasis and Japanese encephalitis are important vector-borne diseases associated with rice production in developing countries' (IRRI, 1987). In spite of these fears, rice cultivation has been on the increase in the African region in response to demographic and economic pressures. However, although rice fields provide suitable breeding places for Anopheles mosquitoes and rice cultivation leads to an increase in the biting rates, the species which are adapted to these sites are not the same in all parts of Africa. Several examples illustrate this phenomenon: An. funestus in the rice fields of Madagascar, An. pharoensis in saline water rice fields in the delta of the Senegal river, An. arabiensis in northern Cameroon and Burundi, An. gambiae Mopti form in the Kou Valley (Burkina Faso) and An. gambiae Savanna form in the rice fields of Kafine near Bouaké (Côte d'Ivoire). The vectorial capacities of these species are not the same and malaria inoculation rates are not necessarily increased in the riceland agroecosystem. The consequences for malaria of introducing rice cultivation depend on the situation before its introduction: it could be worsened in unstable malaria areas but not in stable malaria areas. Therefore, sound epidemiological and entomological knowledge are needed before causing any environmental modifications for agricultural purposes and there should be regular monitoring to avoid any outbreak.
众所周知，“在许多情况下，水稻农业生态系统完全符合病原体或病媒的生态要求”，事实上，“疟疾、血吸虫病和日本脑炎是与发展中国家水稻生产相关的重要病媒传播疾病”（国际水稻研究所，1987年）。尽管存在这些担忧，但由于人口和经济压力，非洲地区的水稻种植一直在增加。然而，虽然稻田为按蚊提供了适宜的繁殖场所，且水稻种植导致叮咬率上升，但在非洲各地，适应这些场所的物种并不相同。有几个例子说明了这一现象：马达加斯加稻田中的嗜人按蚊；塞内加尔河三角洲咸水稻田中的法老按蚊；喀麦隆北部和布隆迪的阿拉伯按蚊；库谷（布基纳法索）的冈比亚按蚊莫普提型；以及布瓦凯附近卡菲内稻田中的冈比亚按蚊萨凡纳型。这些物种的病媒能力各不相同，稻田农业生态系统中的疟疾接种率不一定会提高。引入水稻种植对疟疾的影响取决于引入前的情况：在疟疾不稳定地区可能会恶化，但在疟疾稳定地区则不会。因此，在为农业目的进行任何环境改造之前，需要具备完善的流行病学和昆虫学知识，并且应该进行定期监测以避免任何疫情爆发。
