Current concepts in extraction of transvenous pacing and ICD leads.

Extraction of chronically implanted pacing leads involves a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of lead maturation and the problems that may occur. It also requires specific knowledge of lead construction and the idiosyncrasies of individual lead models. Though we have evolved to use a standardized approach to lead extraction, each patient and lead removal is unique. The operator must be ready to adapt the technique and tools used to the situation at hand. The more experience and the more tools available to the operator, the more likely that there will be a safe and successful outcome to the procedure. Preparation for disaster is mandatory, such that when a complication does occur, one may respond quickly and therefore salvage the patient.