Spence C, Ranson J, Driver J
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, England.
Percept Psychophys. 2000 Feb;62(2):410-24. doi: 10.3758/bf03205560.
In three experiments, we investigated whether the ease with which distracting sounds can be ignored depends on their distance from fixation and from attended visual events. In the first experiment, participants shadowed an auditory stream of words presented behind their heads, while simultaneously fixating visual lip-read information consistent with the relevant auditory stream, or meaningless "chewing" lip movements. An irrelevant auditory stream of words, which participants had to ignore, was presented either from the same side as the fixated visual stream or from the opposite side. Selective shadowing was less accurate in the former condition, implying that distracting sounds are harder to ignore when fixated. Furthermore, the impairment when fixating toward distractor sounds was greater when speaking lips were fixated than when chewing lips were fixated, suggesting that people find it particularly difficult to ignore sounds at locations that are actively attended for visual lipreading rather than merely passively fixated. Experiments 2 and 3 tested whether these results are specific to cross-modal links in speech perception by replacing the visual lip movements with a rapidly changing stream of meaningless visual shapes. The auditory task was again shadowing, but the active visual task was now monitoring for a specific visual shape at one location. A decrement in shadowing was again observed when participants passively fixated toward the irrelevant auditory stream. This decrement was larger when participants performed a difficult active visual task there versus fixating, but not for a less demanding visual task versus fixation. The implications for cross-modal links in spatial attention are discussed.
在三个实验中，我们研究了干扰声音被忽略的难易程度是否取决于其与注视点以及与被关注的视觉事件之间的距离。在第一个实验中，参与者跟读呈现于其头部后方的一连串听觉词语，同时注视与相关听觉流一致的视觉唇读信息，或者无意义的“咀嚼”唇动。参与者必须忽略的无关听觉词语流，要么从与被注视的视觉流相同的一侧呈现，要么从相反的一侧呈现。在前一种情况下，选择性跟读的准确性较低，这意味着当注视时，干扰声音更难被忽略。此外，当注视说话的嘴唇时，相比于注视咀嚼的嘴唇，朝向干扰声音注视时的干扰更大，这表明人们发现尤其难以忽略在为视觉唇读而积极关注的位置处的声音，而不仅仅是被动注视的位置。实验2和实验3通过用快速变化的无意义视觉形状流替换视觉唇动，测试了这些结果是否特定于言语感知中的跨模态联系。听觉任务同样是跟读，但现在积极的视觉任务是在一个位置监测特定的视觉形状。当参与者被动注视无关听觉流时，再次观察到跟读能力下降。当参与者在那里执行困难的积极视觉任务时，相比于单纯注视，这种下降更大，但对于要求较低的视觉任务与单纯注视相比则不然。本文讨论了这些结果对空间注意中跨模态联系的启示。
