Enhanced N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity in mice deficient in CuZn-superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase.

Administration of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to mammals causes damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway similar to that observed in Parkinson disease (PD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of MPTP-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration. To further clarify the role of superoxide anion radical (*O2-) and to study the possible involvement of hydroperoxides in MPTP-mediated neurodegeneration, MPTP neurotoxicity was induced in mice deficient in either CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD), a scavenger enzyme for *O2-, or cellular glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx-1), a scavenger enzyme for hydroperoxides. Littermate control and homozygous deficient mice were injected intraperitoneally with a total cumulative dose of 0, 75, or 150 mg/kg of MPTP delivered over 5 d. All mice were killed 5 d after the last injection and the brains were processed for immunohistological analysis for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), as well as for direct measurements of dopamine concentrations in the striatum. The intensity of TH immunoreactivity in the striatum was evaluated by measuring the relative optical density (OD) with NIH IMAGE, and expressed as Log (OD of striatum)/Log (OD of white matter). Degeneration of TH-containing neurons was assessed by counting TH-positive neurons in the SNc. We found that this MPTP exposure protocol produced dose-dependent depletion of TH immunoreactivity and dopamine in the striatum in littermate control mice and both strains of knockout mice; however. reduction in TH immunoreactivity and dopamine content were significantly greater in CuZn-SOD or GSHPx-1 deficient mice compared with littermate controls. MPTP exposure did not significantly alter the number of TH-positive neurons in the SNc in littermate control or knockout mice. These data suggest that some of the deleterious effects of MPTP on striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals are mediated by both *O2- and hydroperoxides, and that they occur prior to dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SNc. The similarity between the MPTP model and PD raises the possibility that both types of ROS may play a significant role in the early pathogenesis of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD.