Kochanska G, Murray K T, Harlan E T
Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2000 Mar;36(2):220-32.
The course, antecedents, and implications for social development of effortful control were examined in this comprehensive longitudinal study. Behavioral multitask batteries and parental ratings assessed effortful control at 22 and 33 months (N = 106). Effortful control functions encompassed delaying, slowing down motor activity, suppressing/initiating activity to signal, effortful attention, and lowering voice. Between 22 and 33 months, effortful control improved considerably, its coherence increased, it was stable, and it was higher for girls. Behavioral and parent-rated measures converged. Children's focused attention at 9 months, mothers' responsiveness at 22 months, and mothers' self-reported socialization level all predicted children's greater effortful control. Effortful control had implications for concurrent social development. Greater effortful control at 22 months was linked to more regulated anger, and at 33 months, to more regulated anger and joy and to stronger restraint.
在这项全面的纵向研究中，对努力控制的过程、前因及其对社会发展的影响进行了考察。行为多任务测试组和家长评分在22个月和33个月时评估了努力控制能力（N = 106）。努力控制功能包括延迟、减缓运动活动、抑制/启动活动以发出信号、努力专注以及降低声音。在22个月至33个月之间，努力控制能力有显著提高，其连贯性增强，表现稳定，且女孩的努力控制能力更强。行为测量和家长评分结果趋同。儿童9个月时的专注注意力、22个月时母亲的反应性以及母亲自我报告的社会化水平均预测了儿童更强的努力控制能力。努力控制能力对同时期的社会发展有影响。22个月时更强的努力控制能力与更能调节愤怒情绪相关，33个月时则与更能调节愤怒和喜悦情绪以及更强的克制力相关。
