Armstrong T A, Williams C M, Spears J W, Schiffman S S
Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7621, USA.
J Anim Sci. 2000 Apr;78(4):859-64. doi: 10.2527/2000.784859x.
We conducted two experiments to determine the effects of dietary copper concentration and source on odor characteristics of swine waste. In both experiments, 192 weanling gilts and barrows were allotted to 24 pens. Pens were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments, consisting of control (10 ppm Cu as cupric sulfate, CuSO4), 66 or 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4, or 33, 66, or 100 ppm Cu as cupric citrate (Cucitrate). An antibiotic was included in the diets for Exp. 1, but not Exp. 2. On d 28, fecal samples were randomly obtained from one pig per pen and stored at -20 degrees C until preparation and evaluation by an odor panel. The odor panel consisted of 10 individuals, and each panelist evaluated the odor intensity, irritation intensity, and odor quality of the samples. In Exp. 1, the odor and irritation intensity of the feces were lower (P < .05) from animals consuming diets containing 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-citrate compared to the control. The odor quality of the waste from animals consuming diets containing 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 or 100 ppm Cu as Cu-citrate was improved (P < .05) compared to the 33 ppm Cu treatment. In Exp. 2, the odor intensity of the feces of pigs receiving diets supplemented with all concentrations of Cu-citrate was lower (P < .05) than that of feces from the control animals. Irritation intensity of the feces was not affected by treatment. Odor quality of waste of pigs supplemented with 225 ppm Cu from CuSO4 and all concentrations of Cu-citrate was improved (P < .05) compared to that of waste of the control pigs. Two gilts and two barrows from each nursery pen in Exp. 1 were continued through the growing-finishing phase on their respective experimental diets. The growing-finishing phase lasted 103 d, and fecal samples were randomly obtained from one pig per pen at the completion of the phase. During the growing-finishing phase, the odor intensity and the irritation intensity of the feces were lower (P < .05) from pigs supplemented with 66 and 225 ppm Cu as CuSO4 and 66 and 100 ppm Cu from Cu-citrate than from the control pigs. The odor quality of the waste was improved (P < .05) in all animals receiving supplemental Cu. These data indicate an improvement in odor characteristics of swine waste with the supplementation of Cu. In addition, lower concentrations of an organic nonsulfate Cu source resulted in similar odor characteristics of swine waste as 225 ppm CuSO4.
我们进行了两项试验，以确定日粮铜浓度和来源对猪粪便气味特征的影响。在两项试验中，192头断奶小母猪和小公猪被分配到24个猪栏。猪栏被随机分配到六种日粮处理之一，包括对照组（10 ppm铜，以硫酸铜形式添加，CuSO4）、66或225 ppm铜以CuSO4形式添加，或33、66或100 ppm铜以柠檬酸铜（Cucitrate）形式添加。试验1的日粮中添加了一种抗生素，试验2未添加。在第28天，从每个猪栏中随机选取一头猪采集粪便样本，并在-20℃下保存，直至由气味评估小组进行制备和评估。气味评估小组由10人组成，每位评估员对样本的气味强度、刺激强度和气味质量进行评估。在试验1中，与对照组相比，采食含225 ppm铜以CuSO4形式添加以及66或100 ppm铜以柠檬酸铜形式添加日粮的动物粪便的气味和刺激强度较低（P < 0.05）。与33 ppm铜处理相比，采食含225 ppm铜以CuSO4形式添加以及66或100 ppm铜以柠檬酸铜形式添加日粮的动物粪便的气味质量得到改善（P < 0.05）。在试验2中，采食添加所有浓度柠檬酸铜日粮的猪粪便的气味强度低于（P < 0.05）对照组动物的粪便。粪便的刺激强度不受处理影响。与对照组猪的粪便相比，采食添加225 ppm CuSO4铜和所有浓度柠檬酸铜的猪粪便的气味质量得到改善（P < 0.05）。试验1中每个保育猪栏的两头小母猪和两头小公猪继续采食各自的试验日粮进入生长育肥阶段。生长育肥阶段持续103天，在阶段结束时从每个猪栏中随机选取一头猪采集粪便样本。在生长育肥阶段，采食66和225 ppm铜以CuSO4形式添加以及66和100 ppm铜以柠檬酸铜形式添加的猪粪便的气味强度和刺激强度低于（P < 0.05）对照组猪。所有采食添加铜日粮的动物粪便的气味质量都得到改善（P < 0.05）。这些数据表明，添加铜可改善猪粪便的气味特征。此外，较低浓度的有机非硫酸盐铜源产生的猪粪便气味特征与225 ppm CuSO4相似。
