Standen V G, Arriaza B T
Departamento de Arqueologia y Museologia, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000 Jun;112(2):239-49. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(2000)112:2<239::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-3.
One hundred and forty-four Chinchorro skeletons, stored at the Museo Arqueol¿ogico San Miguel de Azapa in Arica, Chile, were examined to test the following alternative hypotheses concerning skeletal trauma: either observed trauma was a consequence of interpersonal violence, or was the result of work-related accidents. Trauma found in subadults was rare, with 1.8% (1/55) contrasted with 30% (27/89) in the adult population. The location of most adult trauma was the skull with 24.6% (17/69), followed by the upper extremities with 8. 7% (7/80), the trunk with 2.9% (2/68), and the lower extremities with the least trauma at 1.1% (1/89). Skull trauma corresponded to well-healed, semicircular fractures, with males being three times more affected than females at 34.2% (13/38) and 12.9% (4/31), respectively. Most fractures were nonlethal, appearing to have been caused by impacts from stones, suggesting interpersonal violence rather than accidents. This study indicates that the egalitarian, maritime, hunter-gatherer Chinchorro culture (circa 4000 years B.P.) may not have lived as peacefully as once thought.
对保存在智利阿里卡圣米格尔·德阿萨帕考古博物馆的144具钦乔罗人骨骼进行了检查，以检验以下关于骨骼创伤的备择假设：观察到的创伤要么是人际暴力的结果，要么是与工作相关事故的结果。在未成年人中发现的创伤很少见，占1.8%（1/55），而成人中有30%（27/89）有创伤。大多数成人创伤部位是颅骨，占24.6%（17/69），其次是上肢，占8.7%（7/80），躯干占2.9%（2/68），下肢创伤最少，占1.1%（1/89）。颅骨创伤为愈合良好的半圆形骨折，男性受影响的比例是女性的三倍，分别为34.2%（13/38）和12.9%（4/31）。大多数骨折并非致命伤，似乎是由石块撞击造成的，这表明是人际暴力而非事故所致。这项研究表明，大约公元前4000年的平等主义、以海洋为生的狩猎采集钦乔罗文化，可能并不像人们曾经认为的那样和平。
