Goldberg B B
Department of Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
Radiology. 2000 Jun;215(3):622-9. doi: 10.1148/radiology.215.3.r00jn40622.
Although diagnostic ultrasonography (US) was developing in the late 1940s and early 1950s, it was not until the 1960s, with the availability of commercial equipment, that its usefulness in obstetrics began to be realized fully by radiologists and obstetricians around the world. Advances from A-mode to bistable and then to gray-scale static imaging were followed by the introduction of automated compound imaging and real-time US. Also, the development and initial use of Doppler US for the detection of fetal heart motion and the eventual use of pulsed and color Doppler US for the evaluation of such fetal structures as the major vessels and heart chambers contributed to increasing the usefulness of US in obstetrics. The development of specialized transducers--in particular, endovaginal probes--resulted in images of the early fetus. At the present time, the development of multiplanar, three-dimensional imaging shows great promise for more complete imaging of the fetus. The importance of US in the examination of the pregnant patient and, in particular, of the fetus has led to its worldwide dominance as the imaging modality of choice. The contributions of obstetric US to improving maternal well-being and fetal health have been recognized as a key component in all countries around the world.
尽管诊断性超声检查（US）在20世纪40年代末和50年代初就已开始发展，但直到20世纪60年代，随着商用设备的出现，世界各地的放射科医生和产科医生才开始充分认识到其在产科中的实用性。从A型超声发展到双稳态超声，再到灰度静态成像，随后引入了自动复合成像和实时超声。此外，多普勒超声的发展及最初用于检测胎儿心脏活动，以及最终将脉冲和彩色多普勒超声用于评估诸如主要血管和心脏腔室等胎儿结构，都有助于提高超声在产科中的实用性。专门换能器的发展——特别是经阴道探头——使得早期胎儿的图像得以获取。目前，多平面、三维成像的发展显示出对胎儿进行更完整成像的巨大前景。超声在孕妇检查尤其是胎儿检查中的重要性，使其成为全球首选的成像方式。产科超声对改善孕产妇健康和胎儿健康的贡献在世界各国都被视为关键因素。
