Yamauchi T, Markman A B
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, USA. takashi+@pitt.edu
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2000 May;26(3):776-95. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.26.3.776.
How do people use category membership and similarity for making inductive inferences? The authors addressed this question by examining the impact of category labels and category features on inference and classification tasks that were designed to be comparable. In the inference task, participants predicted the value of a missing feature of an item given its category label and other feature values. In the classification task, participants predicted the category label of an item given its feature values. The results from 4 experiments suggest that category membership influences inference even when similarity information contradicts the category label. This tendency was stronger when the category label conveyed class inclusion information than when the label reflected a feature of the category. These findings suggest that category membership affects inference beyond similarity and that category labels and category features are 2 different things.
人们如何利用类别成员关系和相似性进行归纳推理？作者通过研究类别标签和类别特征对设计为可比的推理和分类任务的影响来解决这个问题。在推理任务中，参与者根据项目的类别标签和其他特征值预测其缺失特征的值。在分类任务中，参与者根据项目的特征值预测其类别标签。4项实验的结果表明，即使相似性信息与类别标签相矛盾，类别成员关系也会影响推理。当类别标签传达类包含信息时，这种倾向比标签反映类别的一个特征时更强。这些发现表明，类别成员关系对推理的影响超出了相似性，并且类别标签和类别特征是两回事。
