Mariotti A
Ohio State University School of Dentistry, Columbus, USA.
Ann Periodontol. 1999 Dec;4(1):7-19. doi: 10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.7.
Gingival diseases are a diverse family of complex and distinct pathological entities found within the gingiva that are the result of a variety of etiologies. There are several clinical characteristics common to all gingival diseases and these features include clinical signs of inflammation, signs and symptoms that are confined to the gingiva, reversibility of the disease by removing the etiology, the presence of bacterial laden plaque to initiate and/or exacerbate the severity of the disease and a possible role as a precursor for attachment loss around teeth. Defining and classifying gingival diseases has not been an easy task. The tools and methods to identify gingival diseases have varied depending on the criteria used by epidemiologists, researchers, or the practicing clinician. The classification of gingival disease in this review relied upon experimental and/or epidemiological human studies that accurately and reliably assessed an underlying functional derangement that was localized to the gingiva and was reported in a peer-reviewed journal. The classification of gingival diseases that depends on dental plaque to initiate the disease process(es) has been categorized into two groups. The two categories of plaque-induced gingival diseases are those affected by local factors and those that are affected by local factors and modified by specific systemic factors found in the host. In this review, the clinical characteristics of gingival disease associated with plaque, endogenous hormone fluctuations, drugs, systemic diseases, and malnutrition were investigated.
牙龈疾病是牙龈内多种复杂且不同的病理实体组成的多样化家族，其由多种病因引起。所有牙龈疾病都有一些共同的临床特征，这些特征包括炎症的临床体征、局限于牙龈的体征和症状、通过去除病因疾病的可逆性、存在含细菌的菌斑以引发和/或加重疾病的严重程度以及作为牙齿周围附着丧失先兆的可能作用。定义和分类牙龈疾病并非易事。识别牙龈疾病的工具和方法因流行病学家、研究人员或临床执业医生所使用的标准而异。本综述中牙龈疾病的分类依赖于准确且可靠地评估局限于牙龈的潜在功能紊乱的实验性和/或流行病学人体研究，且这些研究发表于同行评审期刊。依赖牙菌斑引发疾病过程的牙龈疾病分类已分为两组。菌斑性牙龈疾病的两类分别是受局部因素影响的和受局部因素影响且因宿主中发现的特定全身因素而改变的。在本综述中，研究了与菌斑、内源性激素波动、药物、全身疾病和营养不良相关的牙龈疾病的临床特征。
