Jester J M, Jacobson S W, Sokol R J, Tuttle B S, Jacobson J L
Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000 Aug;24(8):1187-97.
Although many studies have examined the development of children of male alcoholics, few studies have considered substance use by the female caregiver. This study evaluated the relationship between substance use by female caregivers and factors that affect the child-rearing environment.
A total of 480 inner-city African-American women were recruited during pregnancy for a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal alcohol use and substance use by caregivers on the development of their children. All women were screened for alcohol consumption at their first prenatal visit to a large urban maternity hospital. Those who averaged seven or more drinks per week (0.5 oz absolute alcohol per day) at the time of conception were invited to participate in the study, as was a 5% random sample of lighter drinkers and abstainers. At the 7.5-year follow-up assessment, the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption and drug use, as well as several measures of the child-rearing environment, were assessed for 231 of the caregivers.
Current alcohol use was uncorrelated with standard demographic factors, such as socioeconomic status, but was related to poorer family functioning, lower quality of parental intellectual stimulation, and higher levels of domestic violence. There were independent effects of illicit drug use on family environment, domestic violence, and caregiver depression. History of drinking during pregnancy, however, was not related to the current child-rearing environment. Poorer parental functioning generally was found only among the caregivers who currently drank both heavily (six or more drinks/occasion) and frequently (three or more days/week). After controlling for lifetime alcohol problems, current drinking still predicted a less cohesive and organized family environment and higher levels of domestic violence.
Current heavy, frequent drinking in this relatively homogenous, economically disadvantaged sample was unrelated to demographics and seemed to have an important negative impact on the quality of the child-rearing environment, whereas drinking during pregnancy was unrelated to the current child-rearing environment.
尽管许多研究探讨了男性酗酒者子女的发育情况，但很少有研究考虑女性照料者的物质使用情况。本研究评估了女性照料者的物质使用与影响育儿环境的因素之间的关系。
共有480名市中心的非裔美国女性在孕期被招募，参与一项关于产前酒精使用和照料者物质使用对其子女发育影响的纵向研究。所有女性在首次到一家大型城市妇产医院进行产前检查时均接受了酒精消费筛查。在受孕时平均每周饮酒7杯或更多（每天0.5盎司纯酒精）的女性被邀请参与研究，同时还随机抽取了5%饮酒较少者和戒酒者作为样本。在7.5年的随访评估中，对231名照料者的酒精消费和药物使用的数量及频率，以及育儿环境的多项指标进行了评估。
当前的酒精使用与社会经济地位等标准人口统计学因素无关，但与较差的家庭功能、较低质量的父母智力刺激以及较高水平的家庭暴力有关。非法药物使用对家庭环境、家庭暴力和照料者抑郁有独立影响。然而，孕期饮酒史与当前的育儿环境无关。较差的父母功能通常仅在当前饮酒量大（每次6杯或更多）且频繁（每周3天或更多）的照料者中发现。在控制了终身酒精问题后，当前饮酒仍预示着家庭环境凝聚力和组织性较差以及家庭暴力水平较高。
在这个相对同质、经济处于劣势的样本中，当前大量频繁饮酒与人口统计学因素无关，似乎对育儿环境质量有重要负面影响，而孕期饮酒与当前育儿环境无关。
