Kanas N, Salnitskiy V, Grund E M, Gushin V, Weiss D S, Kozerenko O, Sled A, Marmar C R
Department of Psychiatry, University of California and VA Medical Center, San Francisco 94121, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000 Sep;71(9 Suppl):A11-6.
Anecdotal reports from space and results from simulation studies on Earth suggest that interpersonal and cultural issues will have an impact on the interactions of crewmembers and mission control personnel during future long-duration space missions.
To evaluate this impact we studied 5 astronauts, 8 cosmonauts, and 42 American and 16 Russian mission control personnel who participated in the Shuttle/Mir space program. Subjects completed questions from the Profile of Mood States, the Group Environment Scale, and the Work Environment Scale on a weekly basis during the missions. Subscale scores from these measures were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA to examine mean differences as a function of country (American vs. Russian), group (crewmember vs. ground personnel), and their interaction.
Americans scored higher on measures of vigor and work pressure, and Russians scored higher on measures of managerial control, task orientation, physical comfort, self discovery, and leader support (which also showed a significant interaction effect). Mission control subjects scored higher than crewmembers on four measures of dysphoric emotions, but both groups scored significantly lower than published norms from other studies. There were significant interaction effects for subscales measuring leader support, expressiveness, and independence, with the American astronauts scoring the lowest of all comparison groups on all three subscales.
In future long-duration space missions, countermeasures should focus on providing support for crewmembers from a culture in the minority, and crews should include more than one representative from this culture. Positive aspects of the interpersonal environment should be enhanced. The needs of mission control personnel should be addressed as well as those of crewmembers.
来自太空的轶事报告以及地球上的模拟研究结果表明，人际和文化问题将对未来长期太空任务期间的机组人员与任务控制人员之间的互动产生影响。
为评估这种影响，我们研究了参与航天飞机/和平号空间站计划的5名美国宇航员、8名俄罗斯宇航员以及42名美国和16名俄罗斯任务控制人员。在任务期间，受试者每周完成情绪状态量表、团体环境量表和工作环境量表中的问题。使用双向方差分析对这些量表的子量表得分进行分析，以检验作为国家（美国与俄罗斯）、组别（机组人员与地面人员）及其交互作用函数的均值差异。
美国人在活力和工作压力量表上得分较高，而俄罗斯人在管理控制、任务导向、身体舒适度、自我发现和领导支持量表上得分较高（领导支持量表还显示出显著的交互作用效应）。任务控制人员在四种烦躁情绪量表上的得分高于机组人员，但两组得分均显著低于其他研究公布的常模。在测量领导支持、表达能力和独立性的子量表上存在显著的交互作用效应，美国宇航员在所有三个子量表上的得分在所有比较组中最低。
在未来的长期太空任务中，应对措施应侧重于为少数文化背景的机组人员提供支持，并且机组人员应包括来自该文化的不止一名代表。应加强人际环境的积极方面。任务控制人员以及机组人员的需求都应得到关注。
