Kanas N, Caldwell B
Department of Psychiatry, University of California and VA Medical Center, San Francisco 94121, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000 Sep;71(9 Suppl):A26-8.
People working on space missions, whether they are crewmembers or Mission Control personnel, must interact in groups. Consequently, it is important to consider interpersonal and group dynamic issues to assure that mission goals are accomplished. Simulation studies on Earth and anecdotal reports from space have described a number of such issues that include crew heterogeneity, culture and language variations, leadership roles, and personality differences. Problems that can result include increased group tension, decreased cohesion, subgrouping, scapegoating, miscommunication, role confusion, and displacement of tension and dysphoria from one group to another. The three papers by Drs. Caldwell, Kanas, and Stuster that are presented in this session address some of these issues at the group level. They suggest three critical questions related to: 1) improving communication between space crews and Mission Control personnel; 2) dealing with emotional and interpersonal decrements during the second half of space missions; and 3) minimizing the effects of culture and language differences. These questions in turn lead to six research strategies related to: 1) developing and testing new technologies to enhance crew-ground communication; 2) developing tools to recognize important communication themes and the factors that affect them over time; 3) studying the ability of voice analysis technology to detect on-board interpersonal stress; 4) developing and testing countermeasures to deal with second half emotional and interpersonal decrements; 5) studying the effects of cultural and language differences on crew tension, cohesion, and performance; and 6) studying the effects of crew heterogeneity and size on crew tension, cohesion, and performance.
参与太空任务的人员，无论是机组人员还是任务控制人员，都必须以团队形式进行互动。因此，考虑人际和团队动态问题对于确保任务目标的实现至关重要。在地球上进行的模拟研究以及来自太空的轶事报告描述了许多此类问题，包括机组人员的异质性、文化和语言差异、领导角色以及个性差异。可能导致的问题包括团队紧张加剧、凝聚力下降、形成小团体、找替罪羊、沟通不畅、角色混乱以及紧张和烦躁情绪从一个团队转移到另一个团队。本次会议上卡尔德韦尔博士、卡纳斯博士和斯特uster博士发表的三篇论文在团队层面探讨了其中一些问题。他们提出了三个关键问题，分别涉及：1）改善太空机组人员与任务控制人员之间的沟通；2）应对太空任务后半段期间的情绪和人际方面的衰退；3）尽量减少文化和语言差异的影响。这些问题进而引出了六种研究策略，分别涉及：1）开发和测试新技术以加强机组人员与地面的沟通；2）开发工具以识别重要的沟通主题以及随着时间推移影响这些主题的因素；3）研究语音分析技术检测船上人际压力的能力；4）开发和测试应对后半段情绪和人际衰退的对策；5）研究文化和语言差异对机组人员紧张、凝聚力和绩效的影响；6）研究机组人员的异质性和规模对机组人员紧张、凝聚力和绩效的影响。
