Whitmore M, Adolf J A, Woolford B J
ISS Program Flight Crew Integration, Usability Testing and Analysis Facility, NASA Johnson Space Center, Lockheed-Martin, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000 Sep;71(9 Suppl):A122-5.
Advanced technology and the desire to explore space have resulted in increasingly longer manned space missions. Long Duration Space Flights (LDSF) have provided a considerable amount of scientific research on the ability of humans to adapt and function in microgravity environments. In addition, studies conducted in analogous environments, such as winter-over expeditions in Antarctica, have complemented the scientific understanding of human performance in LDSF. These findings indicate long duration missions may take a toll on the individual, both physiologically and psychologically, with potential impacts on performance. Significant factors in any manned LDSF are habitability, workload and performance. They are interrelated and influence one another, and therefore necessitate an integrated research approach. An integral part of this approach will be identifying and developing tools not only for assessment of habitability, workload, and performance, but also for prediction of these factors as well. In addition, these tools will be used to identify and provide countermeasures to minimize decrements and maximize mission success. The purpose of this paper is to identify research goals and methods for the International Space Station (ISS) in order to identify critical factors and level of impact on habitability, workload, and performance, and to develop and validate countermeasures. Overall, this approach will provide the groundwork for creating an optimal environment in which to live and work onboard ISS as well as preparing for longer planetary missions.
先进技术和探索太空的愿望导致载人太空任务的持续时间越来越长。长期太空飞行（LDSF）为人类在微重力环境中适应和发挥功能的能力提供了大量科学研究。此外，在类似环境中进行的研究，如南极洲的越冬考察，补充了对人类在长期太空飞行中表现的科学认识。这些发现表明，长期任务可能会对个人的生理和心理造成影响，进而对任务表现产生潜在影响。在任何载人长期太空飞行中，重要因素包括宜居性、工作量和表现。它们相互关联、相互影响，因此需要采用综合研究方法。这种方法的一个重要组成部分将是识别和开发工具，不仅用于评估宜居性、工作量和表现，还用于预测这些因素。此外，这些工具将用于识别并提供对策，以尽量减少能力下降并最大限度地提高任务成功率。本文的目的是确定国际空间站（ISS）的研究目标和方法，以识别对宜居性、工作量和表现的关键因素及影响程度，并开发和验证对策。总体而言，这种方法将为在国际空间站上创造一个最佳的生活和工作环境以及为更长时间的行星任务做准备奠定基础。
