Mallis M M, DeRoshia C W
Fatigue Countermeasures Group, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005 Jun;76(6 Suppl):B94-107.
Maintaining optimal alertness and neurobehavioral functioning during space operations is critical to enable the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) vision "to extend humanity's reach to the Moon, Mars and beyond" to become a reality. Field data have demonstrated that sleep times and performance of crewmembers can be compromised by extended duty days, irregular work schedules, high workload, and varying environmental factors. This paper documents evidence of significant sleep loss and disruption of circadian rhythms in astronauts and associated performance decrements during several space missions, which demonstrates the need to develop effective countermeasures. Both sleep and circadian disruptions have been identified in the Behavioral Health and Performance (BH&P) area and the Advanced Human Support Technology (AHST) area of NASA's Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap. Such disruptions could have serious consequences on the effectiveness, health, and safety of astronaut crews, thus reducing the safety margin and increasing the chances of an accident or incident. These decrements oftentimes can be difficult to detect and counter effectively in restrictive operational environments. NASA is focusing research on the development of optimal sleep/wake schedules and countermeasure timing and application to help mitigate the cumulative effects of sleep and circadian disruption and enhance operational performance. Investing research in humans is one of NASA's building blocks that will allow for both short- and long-duration space missions and help NASA in developing approaches to manage and overcome the human limitations of space travel. In addition to reviewing the current state of knowledge concerning sleep and circadian disruptions during space operations, this paper provides an overview of NASA's broad research goals. Also, NASA-funded research, designed to evaluate the relationships between sleep quality, circadian rhythm stability, and performance proficiency in both ground-based simulations and space mission studies, as described in the 2003 NASA Task Book, will be reviewed.
在太空作业期间保持最佳警觉性和神经行为功能，对于美国国家航空航天局（NASA）“将人类的活动范围扩展到月球、火星及其他星球”这一愿景成为现实至关重要。实地数据表明，延长工作日、不规律的工作时间表、高工作量以及各种环境因素会影响机组人员的睡眠时间和工作表现。本文记录了在几次太空任务中宇航员存在严重睡眠不足和昼夜节律紊乱以及相关性能下降的证据，这表明需要制定有效的应对措施。睡眠和昼夜节律紊乱已在NASA生物航天关键路径路线图的行为健康与性能（BH&P）领域以及先进人类支持技术（AHST）领域被识别出来。此类紊乱可能会对宇航员团队的有效性、健康和安全产生严重后果，从而降低安全系数并增加事故或事件发生的几率。在受限的操作环境中，这些性能下降往往难以有效检测和应对。NASA正将研究重点放在制定最佳睡眠/清醒时间表以及应对措施的时机和应用上，以帮助减轻睡眠和昼夜节律紊乱的累积影响并提高操作性能。对人类进行研究投资是NASA的基石之一，这将使短期和长期太空任务成为可能，并帮助NASA开发管理和克服太空旅行中人类局限性的方法。除了回顾有关太空作业期间睡眠和昼夜节律紊乱的当前知识状态外，本文还概述了NASA广泛的研究目标。此外，还将回顾NASA资助的研究，该研究旨在评估2003年NASA任务书中所述基于地面模拟和太空任务研究中睡眠质量、昼夜节律稳定性和性能熟练度之间的关系。
