Pepperberg I M, Wilcox S E
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, USA.
J Comp Psychol. 2000 Sep;114(3):219-31. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.114.3.219.
The authors present context-dependent evidence for a form of mutual exclusivity during label learning by Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). For human children, mutual exclusivity refers to their assumption during early word learning that an object has one and only one label. Along with the whole-object assumption (that a label likely refers to an entire object rather than some partial aspect), mutual exclusivity is thought to guide children in initial label acquisition. It may also help children overcome the whole-object assumption by helping them interpret a novel word as something other than an object label, but for young children, any second label for an object can initially be more difficult to acquire than the first. The authors show that Grey parrots quickly learn object labels for items, then have considerable difficulty learning to use color labels with respect to a previously labeled item unless specifically taught to use a color and object label as a pair.
作者提供了与情境相关的证据，证明非洲灰鹦鹉（Psittacus erithacus）在标签学习过程中存在一种互斥形式。对于人类儿童来说，互斥性是指他们在早期词汇学习过程中假设一个物体有且只有一个标签。与整体对象假设（即一个标签可能指的是整个物体而不是某个局部方面）一起，互斥性被认为在引导儿童进行初始标签习得方面发挥作用。它还可能通过帮助儿童将一个新单词解释为不是物体标签的其他东西，来帮助他们克服整体对象假设，但对于幼儿来说，物体的任何第二个标签最初可能比第一个标签更难习得。作者表明，非洲灰鹦鹉能很快学会物品的物体标签，然后在学习将颜色标签用于先前已标记物品时会遇到相当大的困难，除非专门教导它们将颜色和物体标签作为一对使用。
