Pepperberg I M, Sandefer R M, Noel D A, Ellsworth C P
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, USA.
J Comp Psychol. 2000 Dec;114(4):371-80. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.114.4.371.
Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) learn referential English labels when they view and interact with 2 humans who model vocal labeling and who demonstrate referentiality and functionality of a label (I.M. Pepperberg, 1990a). To test if both trainers are necessary, the authors contrasted 2-trainer modeling with training by 1 human who presented targeted labels to a bird in concert with appropriate items, who asked questions, and who would reward attempts at the label with the item. The bird was also tutored by either 1 or 2 interactive humans in conjunction with a conspecific who already used referential labels. Referential labels were learned from multiple live tutors but not a single trainer. Presence of a conspecific enhanced learning compared with single-trainer sessions but did not affect acquisition in 2-human sessions. Specific aspects of paired tutoring seem critical for acquiring referential vocal labels.
当灰鹦鹉（非洲灰鹦鹉）与两名示范语音标记并展示标签指代性和功能性的人类进行观看和互动时，它们能够学习指代性英语标签（I.M. 佩珀伯格，1990a）。为了测试是否两名训练者都是必需的，作者将两名训练者的示范模式与由一名人类进行训练的情况进行了对比，后者会向一只鸟展示目标标签并搭配适当的物品，提问，并会用物品奖励对标签的尝试。这只鸟还会由一名或两名互动的人类与一名已经使用指代性标签的同种鸟类一起进行辅导。指代性标签是从多个现场辅导者那里学到的，而不是从单个训练者那里学到的。与单个训练者的课程相比，同种鸟类的存在增强了学习效果，但在两名人类的课程中并不影响习得。配对辅导的特定方面对于习得指代性语音标签似乎至关重要。
