da Costa Lopes L, Albano F, Augusto Travassos Laranja G, Marques Alves L, Fernando Martins e Silva L, Poubel de Souza G, de Magalhães Araujo I, Firmino Nogueira-Neto J, Felzenszwalb I, Kovary K
Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 4 andar, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Toxicol Lett. 2000 Aug 16;116(3):189-98. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4274(00)00220-4.
Toxicity of an aqueous extract prepared from Echinodorus macrophyllus dried leaves, a plant used in folk medicine to treat inflammation and kidney malfunctions, was estimated by different bioassays. Mutagenicity of the aqueous extract was evaluated in the Salmonella/microsome assay (TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains), with or without metabolic activation. No mutagenic activity (lyophilized extract tested up to 50 mg/plate) could be detected to any of the tester strain. Furthermore, no cytotoxic effect has been observed when a crude extract of E. macrophyllus (up to 7.5 mg/ml) was tested on the exponential growth of hepatoma and normal kidney epithelial cells in culture. Toxicity of E. macrophyllus was also evaluated in male Swiss mice after 6 weeks of continuous ingestion of the aqueous extract in drinking water. Average daily ingested doses were 3, 23 and 297 mg/kg for a lyophilized extract, and 2200 mg/kg for a crude extract, with dose two being equivalent to the daily dose recommended to humans. At the end of the treatment, all animals revealed a deficit in final body weight ranging from 5 to 47%. Biochemical analysis of the plasma revealed some minor alterations indicating subclinical hepatic toxicity. Genotoxic effect on liver, kidney and blood cells has been also evaluated by the comet assay, being negative to liver and blood cells. However, DNA analyses of the kidney cells detected some genotoxic activity for the highest dose tested of E. macrophyllus extract, either lyophilized or crude. On the other hand, exposure dose of 23 mg/kg, equivalent to the daily dose recommended to humans, did not revealed any genotoxic effect and hence this herb seems to be safe to human organism.
大叶皇冠草（Echinodorus macrophyllus）干叶的水提取物毒性通过不同生物测定法进行了评估。大叶皇冠草是一种用于民间医学治疗炎症和肾脏功能障碍的植物。水提取物的致突变性在沙门氏菌/微粒体试验（TA97a、TA98、TA100和TA102菌株）中进行了评估，有或没有代谢活化。对任何测试菌株均未检测到致突变活性（冻干提取物测试至50mg/平板）。此外，当大叶皇冠草粗提取物（高达7.5mg/ml）对培养中的肝癌细胞和正常肾上皮细胞的指数生长进行测试时，未观察到细胞毒性作用。在雄性瑞士小鼠连续6周饮用含有水提取物的饮用水后，也对大叶皇冠草的毒性进行了评估。冻干提取物的平均每日摄入剂量分别为3、23和297mg/kg，粗提取物为2200mg/kg，其中剂量二相当于推荐给人类的每日剂量。治疗结束时，所有动物的终末体重均有5%至47%的下降。血浆生化分析显示有一些轻微改变，表明存在亚临床肝毒性。还通过彗星试验评估了对肝脏、肾脏和血细胞的遗传毒性作用，结果对肝脏和血细胞呈阴性。然而，对肾细胞的DNA分析检测到，大叶皇冠草提取物（冻干或粗提）测试的最高剂量存在一些遗传毒性活性。另一方面，23mg/kg的暴露剂量相当于推荐给人类的每日剂量，未显示任何遗传毒性作用，因此这种草药似乎对人体是安全的。
