Kvaerner K J, Nafstad P, Jaakkola J J
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ullevål University Hospital, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Oct;126(10):1201-6. doi: 10.1001/archotol.126.10.1201.
To estimate the occurrence of and associations between upper respiratory tract infections in preschool children, and to assess constitutional and environmental factors as determinants of these infections.
Population-based cross-sectional study.
Oslo, Norway.
Preschool children, aged 4 to 5 years (3853 completed questionnaires).
Acute and recurrent acute otitis media, tonsillopharyngitis, common cold, and rhinitis.
Upper respiratory tract infections were common at age 4 years. During the last month, 7.1% of the children had acute otitis media and 7.5% experienced tonsillopharyngitis. Corresponding figures for common cold and rhinitis were 58.3% and 16. 4%, respectively. During the last 12 months, 9.5% of the children experienced more than 1 bout of acute otitis media, 6.9% had more than 1 tonsillopharyngitis episode, 47.7% contracted more than 2 common colds, and 3.2% had rhinitis weekly or monthly. The lifetime prevalence of recurrent acute otitis media (>/=4 episodes in any 12-month period) was 12.7% (n = 473). Bivariate correlations showed small-to-moderate relationships between the infections. Common cold was only weakly related to otitis media, tonsillopharyngitis, and chronic rhinitis. The probability for developing acute otitis media was almost 4-fold increased in children who had tonsillopharyngitis in the last year (adjusted odds ratio = 4.19; 95% confidence interval, 3.09-5.66). In logistic regression analysis, atopic disease was a strong determinant of all upper respiratory tract infections. Low birth weight increased the risk of acute otitis media. Day care attendance and the presence of siblings, which were considered to be indicators of exposure to respiratory pathogens, increased the risk of upper respiratory tract infections.
In preschool children, acute otitis media, tonsillopharyngitis, and common cold were quite common, while chronic rhinitis was less prevalent and strongly associated with atopic disease. Attendance at day care centers increased the risk of upper respiratory tract infections in this age group, although the effect was weaker than that in younger children.
评估学龄前儿童上呼吸道感染的发生率及其之间的关联，并评估体质和环境因素作为这些感染的决定因素。
基于人群的横断面研究。
挪威奥斯陆。
4至5岁的学龄前儿童（3853份问卷填写完整）。
急性和复发性急性中耳炎、扁桃体咽炎、普通感冒和鼻炎。
4岁儿童中，上呼吸道感染很常见。在过去一个月中，7.1%的儿童患有急性中耳炎，7.5%的儿童经历过扁桃体咽炎。普通感冒和鼻炎的相应比例分别为58.3%和16.4%。在过去12个月中，9.5%的儿童经历过1次以上的急性中耳炎发作，6.9%的儿童有1次以上的扁桃体咽炎发作，47.7%的儿童患过2次以上的普通感冒，3.2%的儿童每周或每月患鼻炎。复发性急性中耳炎（在任何12个月期间发作≥4次）的终生患病率为12.7%（n = 473）。双变量相关性显示这些感染之间存在小到中等程度的关联。普通感冒与中耳炎、扁桃体咽炎和慢性鼻炎的相关性较弱。去年患过扁桃体咽炎的儿童发生急性中耳炎的概率几乎增加了4倍（调整后的优势比 = 4.19；95%置信区间，3.09 - 5.66）。在逻辑回归分析中，特应性疾病是所有上呼吸道感染的重要决定因素。低出生体重增加了急性中耳炎的风险。日托出勤和有兄弟姐妹被认为是接触呼吸道病原体的指标，增加了上呼吸道感染的风险。
在学龄前儿童中，急性中耳炎、扁桃体咽炎和普通感冒相当常见，而慢性鼻炎则不太普遍且与特应性疾病密切相关。在这个年龄组中，日托出勤增加了上呼吸道感染的风险，尽管其影响比年幼儿童弱。
