Levine S
Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Sep 29;405(1-3):149-60. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00548-3.
Psychobiology is the discipline that attempts to integrate the impact of environmental and psychological variables on biological systems. This paper focuses on the psychobiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and illustrates several processes that influence the response of the HPA axis. The interaction of the developing rodent or primate with their primary care giver has permanent long-term effects on the HPA axis. Manipulations that alter maternal behavior during critical periods of development permanently modify the HPA axis. The HPA axis can be programmed to be hypo-responsive or hyper-responsive as a function of time and length of maternal separation. In the adult organism, the HPA response to stress is highly dependent on specific psychological factors such as control, predictability, and feedback. In primates, social variables have been shown to diminish or exacerbate the HPA stress response. During the post-natal period of development, the mother appears to actively inhibit the pups' HPA axis. Different aspects of maternal behavior regulate different components of the HPA system.
心理生物学是一门试图整合环境和心理变量对生物系统影响的学科。本文聚焦于下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴的心理生物学，并阐述了影响HPA轴反应的几个过程。发育中的啮齿动物或灵长类动物与其主要照料者之间的互动对HPA轴具有永久性的长期影响。在发育的关键时期改变母性行为的操作会永久性地改变HPA轴。HPA轴可根据母性分离的时间和时长被编程为低反应性或高反应性。在成年生物体中，HPA对应激的反应高度依赖于特定的心理因素，如控制、可预测性和反馈。在灵长类动物中，社会变量已被证明会减弱或加剧HPA应激反应。在出生后的发育阶段，母亲似乎会积极抑制幼崽的HPA轴。母性行为的不同方面调节着HPA系统的不同组成部分。
