Werneke U, Goldberg D P, Yalcin I, Ustün B T
Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, London.
Psychol Med. 2000 Jul;30(4):823-9. doi: 10.1017/s0033291799002287.
Different versions of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), including the GHQ-12 and GHQ-28 have been subjected to factor analysis in a variety of countries. The World Health Organization study of psychological disorders in general health care offered the opportunity to investigate the factor structure of both GHQ versions in 15 different centres.
The factor structures of the GHQ-12 and GHQ-28 extracted by principal component analysis were compared in participating centres. The GHQ-12 was completed by 26,120 patients and 5,273 patients completed the GHQ-28. The factor structure of the GHQ-28 found in Manchester in this study was compared with that found in the earlier study in 1979.
For the GHQ-12, substantial factor variation between centres was found. After rotation, two factors expressing depression and social dysfunction could be identified. For the GHQ-28, factor variance was less. In general, the original C (social dysfunction) and D (depression) scales of the GHQ-28 were more stable than the A (somatic symptoms) and B (anxiety) scales. Multiple cross-loadings occurred in both versions of the GHQ suggesting correlation of the extracted factors. In Manchester, the factor structure of the GHQ had changed since its development. Validity as a case detector was not affected by factor variance.
These findings confirm that despite factor variation for the GHQ-12, two domains, depression and social dysfunction, appear across the 15 centres. In the scaled GHQ-28, two of the scales were remarkably robust between the centres. The cross-correlation between the other two subscales, probably reflects the strength of the relationship between anxiety and somatic symptoms existing in different locations.
不同版本的一般健康问卷（GHQ），包括GHQ - 12和GHQ - 28，已在多个国家进行了因子分析。世界卫生组织对普通医疗保健中心心理障碍的研究提供了在15个不同中心调查这两个GHQ版本因子结构的机会。
在参与研究的中心比较通过主成分分析提取的GHQ - 12和GHQ - 28的因子结构。26120名患者完成了GHQ - 12，5273名患者完成了GHQ - 28。将本研究在曼彻斯特发现的GHQ - 28的因子结构与1979年早期研究中发现的结构进行比较。
对于GHQ - 12，发现各中心之间存在显著的因子差异。旋转后，可以识别出两个表示抑郁和社会功能障碍的因子。对于GHQ - 28，因子差异较小。总体而言，GHQ - 28最初的C（社会功能障碍）和D（抑郁）量表比A（躯体症状）和B（焦虑）量表更稳定。GHQ两个版本中均出现了多个交叉载荷，表明所提取因子之间存在相关性。在曼彻斯特，自GHQ编制以来其因子结构已发生变化。作为病例检测工具的效度不受因子差异的影响。
这些发现证实，尽管GHQ - 12存在因子差异，但抑郁和社会功能障碍这两个领域在15个中心中均有出现。在量表形式的GHQ - 28中，其中两个量表在各中心之间非常稳健。另外两个子量表之间的交叉相关性，可能反映了不同地区焦虑与躯体症状之间关系的强度。
