Khurana B, Watanabe K, Nijhawan R
Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA.
Perception. 2000;29(6):675-92. doi: 10.1068/p3066.
Objects flashed in alignment with moving objects appear to lag behind [Nijhawan, 1994 Nature (London) 370 256-257]. Could this 'flash-lag' effect be due to attentional delays in bringing flashed items to perceptual awareness [Titchener, 1908/1973 Lectures on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling and Attention first published 1908 (New York: Macmillan); reprinted 1973 (New York: Arno Press)]? We overtly manipulated attentional allocation in three experiments to address the following questions: Is the flash-lag effect affected when attention is (a) focused on a single event in the presence of multiple events, (b) distributed over multiple events, and (c) diverted from the flashed object? To address the first two questions, five rings, moving along a circular path, were presented while observers attentively tracked one or multiple rings under four conditions: the ring in which the disk was flashed was (i) known or (ii) unknown (randomly selected from the set of five); location of the flashed disk was (i) known or (ii) unknown (randomly selected from ten locations). The third question was investigated by using two moving objects in a cost-benefit cueing paradigm. An arrow cued, with 70% or 80% validity, the position of the flashed object. Observers performed two tasks: (a) reacted as quickly as possible to flash onset; (b) reported the flash-lag effect. We obtained a significant and unaltered flash-lag effect under all the attentional conditions we employed. Furthermore, though reaction times were significantly shorter for validly cued flashes, the flash-lag effect remained uninfluenced by cue validity, indicating that quicker responses to validly cued locations may be due to the shortening of post-perceptual delays in motor responses rather than the perceptual facilitation. We conclude that the computations that give rise to the flash-lag effect are independent of attentional deployment.
与移动物体对齐闪烁的物体似乎会滞后[尼加万，1994年，《自然》（伦敦）370 256 - 257]。这种“闪光滞后”效应会不会是由于将闪烁物体带入感知意识时的注意力延迟造成的呢[铁钦纳，1908/1973年，《感觉与注意的基本心理学讲座》，首次出版于1908年（纽约：麦克米伦出版社）；1973年重印（纽约：阿诺出版社）]？我们在三个实验中公开操纵注意力分配，以解决以下问题：当注意力（a）集中于多个事件中的单个事件时、（b）分散于多个事件时以及（c）从闪烁物体上转移时，闪光滞后效应是否会受到影响？为了解决前两个问题，呈现五个沿圆形路径移动的环，同时观察者在四种条件下专注地跟踪一个或多个环：闪烁圆盘所在的环（i）已知或（ii）未知（从五个环中随机选择）；闪烁圆盘的位置（i）已知或（ii）未知（从十个位置中随机选择）。通过在成本 - 收益提示范式中使用两个移动物体来研究第三个问题。一个箭头以70%或80%的有效性提示闪烁物体的位置。观察者执行两项任务：（a）对闪光开始尽快做出反应；（b）报告闪光滞后效应。在我们采用的所有注意力条件下，我们都获得了显著且未改变的闪光滞后效应。此外，尽管有效提示闪光的反应时间明显更短，但闪光滞后效应不受提示有效性的影响，这表明对有效提示位置的更快反应可能是由于运动反应中感知后延迟的缩短，而不是感知促进。我们得出结论，产生闪光滞后效应的计算与注意力部署无关。
