Johnson B L
Adjunct Faculty, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
Rev Environ Health. 2000 Jul-Sep;15(3):273-87. doi: 10.1515/reveh.2000.15.3.273.
Comparing the risks posed by specific environmental hazards has become attractive to policy makers and legislative bodies as an aid to budgeting and other policy decisions. This paper reviews the human health-based findings from the first federal comparative risk assessment project and subsequent reviews conducted by 15 states and local government agencies in the United States. Methods are described on conducting comparative risk assessments that include substantive involvement of the public and special interest organizations. A consolidation of the comparative risk assessments of 15 states revealed good agreement with federal health-based environmental hazard priorities and partial agreement with local-government health departments. In descending order of priority, indoor air pollutants (excluding radon), criteria air pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, indoor radon, lead contamination, inactive hazardous waste sites, and drinking water at the tap are the highest ranked environmental hazards to human health.
对特定环境危害所构成的风险进行比较，已成为政策制定者和立法机构关注的焦点，有助于进行预算编制及其他政策决策。本文回顾了首个联邦比较风险评估项目基于人类健康得出的结果，以及美国15个州和地方政府机构随后开展的相关评估。文中描述了进行比较风险评估的方法，其中包括公众和特殊利益组织的实质性参与。对15个州的比较风险评估进行整合后发现，其与基于联邦健康标准的环境危害优先级高度一致，与地方政府卫生部门的评估结果部分一致。按优先级从高到低排序，室内空气污染物（不包括氡）、标准空气污染物、有害空气污染物、室内氡、铅污染、闲置危险废物场地以及水龙头中的饮用水，是对人类健康危害最大的环境因素。
