van Zyl L, van Niekerk A
University of Waikato, New Zealand.
J Med Ethics. 2000 Oct;26(5):404-9. doi: 10.1136/jme.26.5.404.
In this paper we examine the questions "What does it mean to be a surrogate mother?" and "What would be an appropriate perspective for a surrogate mother to have on her pregnancy?" In response to the objection that such contracts are alienating or dehumanising since they require women to suppress their evolving perspective on their pregnancies, liberal supporters of surrogate motherhood argue that the freedom to contract includes the freedom to enter a contract to bear a child for an infertile couple. After entering the contract the surrogate may not be free to interpret her pregnancy as that of a non-surrogate mother, but there is more than one appropriate way of interpreting one's pregnancy. To restrict or ban surrogacy contracts would be to prohibit women from making other particular interpretations of their pregnancies they may wish to make, requiring them to live up to a culturally constituted image of ideal motherhood. We examine three interpretations of a "surrogate pregnancy" that are implicit in the views and arguments put forward by ethicists, surrogacy agencies, and surrogate mothers themselves. We hope to show that our concern in this regard goes beyond the view that surrogacy contracts deny or suppress the natural, instinctive or conventional interpretation of pregnancy.
在本文中，我们探讨“成为代孕母亲意味着什么？”以及“代孕母亲对自己的怀孕持有何种恰当的观点？”这两个问题。针对代孕合同具有异化性或非人性化的反对观点，即此类合同要求女性压抑她们对自己怀孕情况不断变化的看法，代孕母亲身份的自由派支持者认为，订立合同的自由包括为不孕夫妇生育孩子而签订合同的自由。签订合同后，代孕女性可能无法像非代孕母亲那样自由地诠释自己的怀孕，但诠释怀孕的方式不止一种。限制或禁止代孕合同将意味着禁止女性对自己的怀孕做出她们可能希望做出的其他特定诠释，要求她们符合文化构建的理想母亲形象。我们审视了伦理学家、代孕机构及代孕母亲自身提出的观点和论据中所隐含的对“代孕怀孕”的三种诠释。我们希望表明，我们在这方面的关切不止于代孕合同否认或压制对怀孕的自然、本能或传统诠释这一观点。
