Yin M, Palmer H R, Fyfe-Johnson A L, Bedford J J, Smith R A, Yancey P H
Chemistry Department, Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York 10708, USA.
Physiol Biochem Zool. 2000 Sep-Oct;73(5):629-37. doi: 10.1086/317749.
Organic osmolytes, solutes that regulate cell volume, occur at high levels in marine invertebrates. These are mostly free amino acids such as taurine, which are "compatible" with cell macromolecules, and methylamines such as trimethylamine oxide, which may have a nonosmotic role as a protein stabilizer, and which is higher in many deep-sea animals. To better understand nonosmotic roles of osmolytes, we used high-performance liquid chromatography and (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to analyze vestimentiferans (vestimentum tissue) from unusual marine habitats. Species from deep hydrothermal vents were Riftia pachyptila of the East Pacific Rise (2,636 m) and Ridgeia piscesae of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (2,200 m). Species from cold hydrocarbon seeps were Lamellibrachia sp. and an unnamed escarpid species from subtidal sediment seeps (540 m) off Louisiana and Lamellibrachia barhami from bathyal tectonic seeps (1,800-2,000 m) off Oregon. Riftia were dominated by hypotaurine (152 mmol/kg wet wt), an antioxidant, and an unidentified solute with an NMR spectrum consistent with a methylamine. Ridgeia were dominated by betaine (N-trimethylglycine; 109 mmol/kg), hypotaurine (64 mmol/kg), and taurine (61 mmol/kg). The escarpids were dominated by taurine (138 mmol/kg) and hypotaurine (69 mmol/kg). Both Lamellibrachia populations were dominated by N-methyltaurine (209-252 mmol/kg), not previously reported as a major osmolyte, which may be involved in methane and sulfate metabolism. Trunk and plume tissue of the Oregon Lamellibrachia were nearly identical to vestimentum in osmolyte composition. The methylamines may also stabilize proteins against pressure; they were significantly higher in the three deeper-dwelling groups.
有机渗透溶质，即调节细胞体积的溶质，在海洋无脊椎动物中含量很高。这些大多是与细胞大分子“兼容”的游离氨基酸，如牛磺酸，以及三甲胺氧化物等甲胺类物质，后者可能作为蛋白质稳定剂发挥非渗透作用，且在许多深海动物中含量更高。为了更好地理解渗透溶质的非渗透作用，我们使用高效液相色谱法和氢核磁共振（NMR）对来自不同寻常海洋栖息地的管栖蠕虫（体被组织）进行了分析。来自深海热液喷口的物种有东太平洋海隆（2636米）的巨型管虫和胡安德富卡海岭（2200米）的多鳞管虫。来自冷烃渗漏区的物种有薄片鳃虫属以及来自路易斯安那州潮下带沉积物渗漏区（540米）的一种未命名的深海鱼类，还有来自俄勒冈州深海构造渗漏区（1800 - 2000米）的巴氏薄片鳃虫。巨型管虫以次牛磺酸（152毫摩尔/千克湿重）为主，次牛磺酸是一种抗氧化剂，还有一种NMR光谱与甲胺一致的未鉴定溶质。多鳞管虫以甜菜碱（N - 三甲基甘氨酸；109毫摩尔/千克）、次牛磺酸（64毫摩尔/千克）和牛磺酸（61毫摩尔/千克）为主。深海鱼类以牛磺酸（138毫摩尔/千克）和次牛磺酸（69毫摩尔/千克）为主。两个薄片鳃虫种群都以N - 甲基牛磺酸（209 - 252毫摩尔/千克）为主，此前未报道其为主要渗透溶质，它可能参与甲烷和硫酸盐代谢。俄勒冈州薄片鳃虫的躯干和羽状体组织在渗透溶质组成上与体被几乎相同。甲胺类物质也可能使蛋白质在压力下保持稳定；它们在三个栖息深度更深的群体中含量显著更高。
