Gould E M, Chappel D B
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
J Public Health Med. 2000 Sep;22(3):280-6. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/22.3.280.
Inequalities in the health of different sections of populations are well recognized but were difficult to demonstrate before death registration was introduced in 1837. In the early years of civil registration, geographical and sex differences in mortality were clearly recognized, as were occupational hazards, but socio-economic differences were barely explored in the Annual Reports of the Registrar General. Tynemouth General Cemetery (TGC) was established in 1833 as a private cemetery with unusually detailed records.
A total of 2610 records from 1833 to 1853 were analysed. Variables used included sex, dates of death and burial, age at death, depth of burial, cause of death, place of residence and occupation. As no denominator population is available, median age at death has been used for comparisons.
Depth of burial relates well to a hierarchy of specific occupations and so is used as a marker for socio-economic status. The median age for the burials was 12 years. People of higher socio-economic status survived longer. The people of North Shields, and especially the males, died younger than those from surrounding areas. Males outnumbered females in most age groups.
Socio-economic, geographical and gender inequalities in mortality are clearly demonstrable in the early nineteenth century, without the use of registration data.
不同人群健康状况的不平等现象已得到广泛认可，但在1837年引入死亡登记制度之前，这些不平等现象很难得到证实。在民事登记制度实施的早期，人们清楚地认识到了死亡率的地理和性别差异，以及职业危害，但总登记官的年度报告中几乎没有探讨社会经济差异。泰恩茅斯公墓（TGC）建于1833年，是一座私人公墓，其记录异常详细。
分析了1833年至1853年期间的2610条记录。使用的变量包括性别、死亡和埋葬日期、死亡年龄、埋葬深度、死因、居住地点和职业。由于没有可用的分母人口，因此使用死亡年龄中位数进行比较。
埋葬深度与特定职业的等级制度密切相关，因此被用作社会经济地位的标志。埋葬的年龄中位数为12岁。社会经济地位较高的人寿命更长。北希尔兹的人，尤其是男性，比周边地区的人死亡年龄更小。在大多数年龄组中，男性人数超过女性。
在19世纪早期，无需使用登记数据，死亡率的社会经济、地理和性别不平等现象就清晰可见。
