Therapeutic communities: diversity in treatment elements.

This study addresses the need to describe the diversity of therapeutic community (TC) programs. The Survey of Essential Elements Questionnaire (SEEQ) was used to develop a typology of TC programs based on 19 programs that identified themselves as traditional or modified TCs in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS). These traditional and modified TCs differed in adherence to the elements of TC treatment, on operational characteristics, and in client mix. Differences in treatment philosophy and approach included the emphasis on self-reliance, and the use of work as a therapeutic agent for traditional TCs. There were also trends for traditional TC programs to utilize community-as-method, provide educational and vocational training, and include family members as part of therapy. Modified programs showed a greater tendency to rely on counselors. Implications of the findings for program quality, health care policy, and research are discussed.