De Leon G
Center for Therapeutic Community Research, New York, New York, USA.
J Psychoactive Drugs. 1995 Jan-Mar;27(1):3-15. doi: 10.1080/02791072.1995.10471668.
Not all residential drug abuse treatment programs are therapeutic communities (TCs), not all TCs are in residential settings, and not all programs that call themselves TCs employ the same social and psychological models of treatment. The term "therapeutic community" is widely used to represent a distinct approach in almost any setting, including community residences, hospital wards, prisons, and homeless shelters. One effect of this labeling has been to cloud understanding of the TC as a drug abuse treatment approach, how well it works, where it works best, and for which clients it is most appropriate. This article attempts to further a general understanding of residential TCs. Distinctions are drawn between residential drug abuse treatment and residential TCs. The diversity of programs within the TC modality is described in terms of modifications of the model and applications to special populations; and the essential elements of the TC program model are briefly outlined. Finally, movement into the mainstream has surfaced issues for the TC in terms of policy and practice, several of which are highlighted.
并非所有的住院药物滥用治疗项目都是治疗社区（TCs），并非所有的治疗社区都处于住院环境中，也并非所有自称治疗社区的项目都采用相同的社会和心理治疗模式。“治疗社区”一词被广泛用于表示几乎任何环境中的一种独特方法，包括社区住所、医院病房、监狱和无家可归者收容所。这种标签化的一个影响是模糊了对治疗社区作为一种药物滥用治疗方法的理解，包括它的效果如何、在哪里效果最佳以及对哪些客户最适用。本文试图进一步促进对住院治疗社区的总体理解。文中区分了住院药物滥用治疗和住院治疗社区。从模式的修改和对特殊人群的应用方面描述了治疗社区模式内项目的多样性；并简要概述了治疗社区项目模式的基本要素。最后，融入主流为治疗社区在政策和实践方面带来了一些问题，其中几个问题得到了突出强调。
