O'Connor L E, Berry J W, Weiss J, Schweitzer D, Sevier M
The Wright Institute and the San Francisco Psychotherapy Research Group, CA 94704, USA.
Br J Med Psychol. 2000 Dec;73(4):519-30. doi: 10.1348/000711200160705.
In prior research submissive behaviour has been studied in relation to social comparison. Evolutionary theory conceptualized submissive behaviour as a fear-based self-protective strategy when in a subordinate position. In this study we hypothesized that survivor guilt, the type of guilt associated with feeling better off than others, is also linked to submissive behaviour. The Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire, the Submissive Behaviour Inventory, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire were administered to a sample of 199 college students. Submissive behaviour was found to be significantly correlated with survivor guilt. Introversion, used as an indirect measure of the fear of being put down, was also correlated with submissive behaviour. A principal components analysis found two components: the first was composed of high loadings of submissiveness, survivor guilt and omnipotent responsibility guilt; the second was composed of high loadings of submissiveness and introversion. This supports the hypothesis that there may be two motivational states related to submissive behaviour, the fear of harm to the self, as described in prior studies, and the fear of harm to another or guilt-based submissive behaviour. We propose that survivor guilt has been selected by evolution as a psychological mechanism supporting group living, and that it may be considered from the perspective of inclusive fitness, reciprocal altruism, and multilevel selection theory.
在先前的研究中，顺从行为已与社会比较相关联进行了研究。进化理论将顺从行为概念化为处于从属地位时基于恐惧的自我保护策略。在本研究中，我们假设幸存者内疚感，即那种因感觉比他人过得更好而产生的内疚感，也与顺从行为有关。我们对199名大学生样本施测了人际内疚问卷、顺从行为量表、艾森克人格问卷修订版和自动思维问卷。结果发现，顺从行为与幸存者内疚感显著相关。作为对被贬低恐惧的间接测量指标的内向性，也与顺从行为相关。主成分分析发现了两个成分：第一个成分由高负荷的顺从性、幸存者内疚感和全能责任内疚感组成；第二个成分由高负荷的顺从性和内向性组成。这支持了这样一种假设，即可能存在两种与顺从行为相关的动机状态，如先前研究中所描述的对自我伤害的恐惧，以及对他人伤害的恐惧或基于内疚的顺从行为。我们提出，幸存者内疚感已被进化选择为一种支持群体生活的心理机制，可以从广义适合度、互惠利他主义和多层次选择理论的角度来考虑它。
