Jacobs D M, Michaels C F, Runeson S
Faculty of Human Movement Science, Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Percept Psychophys. 2000 Oct;62(7):1332-40. doi: 10.3758/bf03212135.
The theory of direct perception holds that competent observers are able to detect optical patterns that specify the relative mass of colliding balls. Heuristic theorists, on the other hand, claim that judgments of relative mass are based on variables that do not specify relative mass. We contrasted these views with an experiment in which participants were given feedback on their ratio-scaled estimates of the relative mass of simulated colliding balls. Correlations between judged relative mass and various kinetic and kinematic measures of the collisions revealed that (1) judgments of relative mass become more accurate with feedback, (2) different observers use different variables, (3) during training, many observers change which variables they use, (4) before training, observers tend to use nonspecifying variables or combinations thereof, (5) after a minimal amount of training, at least some observers seem to detect mass-specifying information, and (6) the judgments do not support a generalization of the heuristic model of Gilden and Proffitt (1989, 1994). These findings suggest that direct perception of relative mass is a skill that can be developed through appropriate training.
直接感知理论认为，有能力的观察者能够检测到指定碰撞球相对质量的光学模式。另一方面，启发式理论家声称，相对质量的判断是基于不指定相对质量的变量。我们通过一项实验对这些观点进行了对比，在该实验中，参与者得到了关于他们对模拟碰撞球相对质量的比率尺度估计的反馈。判断的相对质量与碰撞的各种动力学和运动学测量之间的相关性表明：（1）相对质量的判断在有反馈时会变得更准确；（2）不同的观察者使用不同的变量；（3）在训练期间，许多观察者会改变他们使用的变量；（4）在训练前，观察者倾向于使用非指定变量或其组合；（5）经过最少的训练后，至少一些观察者似乎能检测到指定质量的信息；（6）这些判断不支持吉尔登和普罗菲特（1989年、1994年）启发式模型的推广。这些发现表明，对相对质量的直接感知是一种可以通过适当训练来培养的技能。
