Pashler H, Johnston J C, Ruthruff E
Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:629-51. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.629.
Recent progress in the study of attention and performance is discussed, focusing on the nature of attentional control and the effects of practice. Generally speaking, the effects of mental set are proving more pervasive than was previously suspected, whereas automaticity is proving less robust. Stimulus attributes (e.g. onsets, transients) thought to have a "wired-in" ability to capture attention automatically have been shown to capture attention only as a consequence of voluntarily adopted task sets. Recent research suggests that practice does not have as dramatic effects as is commonly believed. While it may turn out that some mental operations are automatized in the strongest sense, this may be uncommon. Recent work on task switching is also described; optimal engagement in a task set is proving to be intimately tied to learning operations triggered by the actual performance of a new task, not merely the anticipation of such performance.
本文讨论了注意力与表现研究的最新进展，重点关注注意力控制的本质以及练习的效果。一般来说，思维定式的影响比之前认为的更为普遍，而自动化的效果则不如预期的那么显著。那些被认为具有“内在”自动吸引注意力能力的刺激属性（如起始点、瞬变），实际上只有在自愿采用的任务集的情况下才会吸引注意力。最近的研究表明，练习的效果并不像普遍认为的那样显著。虽然可能会发现某些心理操作在最强意义上实现了自动化，但这种情况可能并不常见。本文还描述了最近关于任务切换的研究；事实证明，在任务集中的最佳参与与由新任务的实际执行触发的学习操作密切相关，而不仅仅是对这种执行的预期。
